Screening individuals with intellectual disability, autism and Tourette's syndrome forKCNK9mutations and aberrant DNA methylation within the 8q24 imprinted cluster.

Marta Sánchez Delgado; Cristina Camprubí; Zeynep Tümer; Francisco Martínez; Montserrat Milà; David Monk

doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32250

Screening individuals with intellectual disability, autism and Tourette's syndrome forKCNK9mutations and aberrant DNA methylation within the 8q24 imprinted cluster.

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics ◽

10.1002/ajmg.b.32250 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 165 (6) ◽

pp. 472-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marta Sánchez Delgado ◽

Cristina Camprubí ◽

Zeynep Tümer ◽

Francisco Martínez ◽

Montserrat Milà ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Tourette's Syndrome ◽

Tourette’S Syndrome ◽

Aberrant Dna Methylation ◽

Imprinted Cluster

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A Review on Functional Analyses of Tics

Behavior Modification ◽

10.1177/0145445518809046 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 296-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kissel J. Goldman ◽

Iser G. DeLeon

Keyword(s):

Functional Analysis ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Tic Disorders ◽

Tourette's Syndrome ◽

Tourette’S Syndrome ◽

Behavioral Deficits ◽

Communication Impairments ◽

Environmental Events ◽

Functional Analyses

Tic disorders are characterized by a class of responses assumed to be neurobiological in origin. Still, several studies have shown that tic frequency can be influenced by antecedent environmental events and social consequences. Prior reviews have summarized the effects of environmental events but have not examined relations between tic diagnosis, behavioral deficits (e.g., intellectual disability), tic topography, and the consequences observed to maintain tics. These variables might be important when attempting to predict or identify relevant consequences. A more thorough understanding of the variables that maintain and give rise to tics might also be useful in predicting responsiveness to treatment and intervention refinement. We reviewed and summarized results from the 13 attempts to experimentally identify maintaining consequences for tics (i.e., functional analyses) that have been published to date. We examined patterns of functions across tic diagnoses (i.e., Tourette’s syndrome or not), communication impairments (i.e., an intellectual disability or reported language difficulty), and tic topography. Results suggested that individuals with Tourette’s syndrome and those without communication impairments are more likely to have functional analysis outcomes consistent with automatic reinforcement, but exceptions in both directions highlight the utility of functional analysis in treating tics.

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