Energy homeostasis in Prader-Willi Syndrome: How clinical research informs studies of animal models of genetic obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 158A (4) ◽  
pp. 966-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Mercer ◽  
Rachel Wevrick
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Genetic Obesity

Animal Models of Osteomyelitis

1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Carl W. Norden
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Ideal

Clinical studies of osteomyelitis are difficult because of the multiple variables found in this disease. Reproducible animal models in rabbits, rats, and dogs have been introduced and have been useful. Each animal model has certain advantages and limitations, and the ideal model is not yet available. However, the models have provided us with a clearer understanding of the disease and its treatment. Clinical research into osteomyelitis is difficult because of the multiple variables involved in the disease process and because of the difficulty of standardizing treatment protocols. To perform controlled experiments in the field of osteomyelitis, it is clear that reliable animal models are needed. Most studies have been performed with S aureus (the major pathogen isolated from patients with osteomyelitis), but other organisms have also been tested more recently.

scholarly journals Preprint: Probing for Neuroadaptations to Unpredictable Stressors in Addiction: Translational Methods and Emerging Evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse T Kaye ◽  
Daniel E. Bradford ◽  
Katherine Magruder ◽  
John Joseph Curtin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Affective Science ◽  
Reverse Translation ◽  
Drug Dependent ◽  
Startle Potentiation

Stressors clearly contribute to addiction etiology and relapse in humans, but our understanding of specific mechanisms remains limited. Rodent models of addiction offer the power, flexibility, and precision necessary to delineate the causal role and specific mechanisms through which stressors influence alcohol and other drug use. This review describes a program of research using startle potentiation to unpredictable stressors that is well-positioned to translate between animal models and clinical research with humans on stress neuroadaptations in addiction. This research rests on a solid foundation provided by three separate pillars of evidence from 1) rodent behavioral neuroscience on stress neuroadaptations in addiction, 2) rodent affective neuroscience science on startle potentiation, and 3) human addiction and affective science with startle potentiation. Rodent stress neuroadaptation models implicate adaptations in corticotropin-releasing factor and norepinephrine circuits within the central extended amygdala following chronic alcohol and other drug use that mediate anxious behaviors and stress-induced reinstatement among drug-dependent rodents. Basic affective neuroscience indicates that these same neural mechanisms are involved in startle potentiation to unpredictable stressors in particular (vs predictable stressors). We believe that synthesis of these evidence bases should focus us on the role of unpredictable stressors in addiction etiology and relapse. Startle potentiation in unpredictable stressor tasks is proposed to provide an attractive and flexible testbed to encourage tight translation and reverse translation between animal models and human clinical research on stress neuroadaptations. Experimental medicine approaches focused on unpredictable stressors holds high promise to identify, repurpose, or refine pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for addiction.

scholarly journals A nanobody-based fluorescent reporter reveals human α-synuclein in the cell cytosol

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Gerdes ◽  
Natalia Waal ◽  
Thomas Offner ◽  
Eugenio F. Fornasiero ◽  
Nora Wender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Fluorescence Signal ◽  
Fluorescent Reporter ◽  
Human Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cell Cytosol

ABSTRACTAggregation and spreading of α-Synuclein (αSyn) are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases, thus monitoring human αSyn (hαSyn) in animal models or cell cultures is vital for the field. However, the detection of native hαSyn in such systems is challenging. We found that the nanobody NbSyn87, previously-described to bind hαSyn, also shows cross-reactivity for the proteasomal subunit Rpn10. As such, when the NbSyn87 is expressed in the absence of hαSyn, it is continuously degraded by the proteasome, while it is stabilized when it binds to hαSyn. Here, we exploited this feature to design a new Fluorescent Reporter for hαSyn (FluoReSyn) by coupling NbSyn87 to fluorescent proteins, which results in fluorescence signal fluctuations depending on the presence and amounts of intracellular hαSyn. We characterized this biosensor in cells and tissues, and finally, revealed the presence of transmittable αSyn in human cerebrospinal fluid demonstrating the potential of FluoReSyn for clinical research and diagnostics.

The translation of surgical animal models to human clinical research: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongle Ruan ◽  
N. Bryce Robinson ◽  
Faiza M. Khan ◽  
Irbaz Hameed ◽  
Mohamed Rahouma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals A BRIEF REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF CARISSA SPINARUM L.

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imtiyaz Ansari ◽  
Diptesh T Patil
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Pharmacological Profile ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Medicinal Value

Carissa spinarum L. belongs the Apocynaceae family, which officially itself has 94 synonyms and misspelled, misapplied, invalid, and illegitimate names. The plant is known as “Magic Shrub” in some of the African countries, as it is a source of treatment for various diseases and disorders. The plant contains certain major bioactive constituents such as acids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins which are responsible for medicinal value. Traditionally, the plant is used for treatment of malaria, chest complaints, stomach-ache, diarrhea, worms, a cough remedy, eye cataracts, gastric ulcers, polio, cancer, hypertension, kidney complication and for treating herpes, infertility, diabetes, asthma, rheumatism, and infections such as gonorrhea, syphilis, sickle-cell anemia, hernia, rabies, typhoid fever, jaundice, sexual asthenia in males, measles, and as a cough expectorant. Apart from this, the plant is evaluated for various pharmacological activities by employing the animal models. The review has been written with the aim to provide a direction for further clinical research to promote safe and effective herbal treatments to cure a number of diseases.

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