Intrafamilial resource competition and mate competition shaped social-group-specific natal dispersal in the 18th and 19th century Krummhörn population

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Beise ◽  
Eckart Voland
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Natal Dispersal ◽  
Mate Competition

Causes of Natal Dispersal in the Lesser Kestrel: Inbreeding Avoidance or Resource Competition?

10.2307/5917 ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Negro ◽  
Fernando Hiraldo ◽  
J. A. Donazar
Keyword(s):  
Resource Competition ◽  
Inbreeding Avoidance ◽  
Natal Dispersal ◽  
Lesser Kestrel

"Fickle Fate Has Exhausted My Burning Heart": An Egyptian Engineer of the 19th Century Between Belief in Progress and Existential Anxiety

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Konrad
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Hegemonic Discourse ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
State Schools

AbstractLittle is known about the worldview and self-image of low-ranking Egyptian civil servants and graduates of state schools of the mid-19th century. Based on an unusual self-referential text which the young irrigation engineer Muhammad Kānīal-Baqlī had printed in 1865, this article seeks to discover the social and cultural orientation of a simple efendi of the mid-19th century and how he interpreted his world. It will show how al-Baqlī acted as an individual in a world defined by constraints and dependencies and how he tried to realise his ambitions for social recognition and advancement. Despite his subaltern position, al-Baqlī participated in the dominant hegemonic discourse about reform, progress and civilisation, and he aimed to adapt it to his own ambitious purposes. He also attempted to define what ought to be provided for him as an individual and as a member of an emerging social group, the afandīya, by a progressive and just government.

“That spelling tho”: A sociolinguistic study of the nonstandard form of though in a corpus of Reddit comments

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Flesch
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Frequent Users ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractTho, the nonstandard spelling of though which was proposed by American spelling reformers in the 19th century, is making a comeback. In 2013, internet memes such as that backflip tho gave a boost to the shortened form. This sociolinguistic study investigates the use of tho in RedditGender, a 19 million-word corpus of comments posted by 1044 Reddit users. First, concordance lines generated from the whole corpus were analyzed in order to compare the use of tho with the meme and the standard spelling. Then, regression analysis was conducted with a sample of the corpus, containing only complete cases. Results show that tho is rarely used in the meme construction that contributed to popularize it, and that it appears more often as an adverb than as a conjunction. They also seem to indicate that the use of tho is correlated with gender and race. Most frequent users are black males. This suggests that the shortened spelling is not simply a way to save time when typing, and that it is not semantically equivalent to though. It seems to be a marker of affiliation with a social group and of familiarity with internet subcultures.

Animals, Geography, and the City: Notes on Inclusions and Exclusions

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Philol
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Complex Power ◽  
Meat Markets ◽  
Academic Geography ◽  
The City

This paper offers notes on the ways in which nonhuman animals have been treated within the texts of academic geography, principally human geography, The argument is that their inclusion here has always been a very partial one, conditioned by what has sometimes been termed a ‘human chauvinism’ leading them to be ignored altogether or only researched in the context of their utility to human beings. An alternative perspective is proposed in which animals are regarded as a marginal ‘social’ group discursively constituted and practically affected by human communities, and as a group which is thereby subjected to all manner of sociospatial inclusions and exclusions, The argument is that animals should be seen as enmeshed in complex power relations with human communities, and in the process enduring geographies which are imposed upon them ‘from without’ but which they may also inadvertently influence ‘from within’. The implications of adopting such a perspective require careful examination, but in the second part of this paper some possibilities are raised though substantive vignettes of animals as a social group included in or excluded from the city. Particular attention is paid to 19th-century debates about meat markets and slaughterhouses, wherein can be detected a will to exclude livestock animals from cities such as London and Chicago on a variety of grounds (medical and hygienic, organisational and moral).

scholarly journals Shevchenko in perception of ‘little russian’ environment of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Roxana Kharchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
The Political ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Common People ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper deals with the perception of Shevchenko’s works in the ‘Little Russian’ environment of the 19th century. The interpretations within this social group may be defined as profane because its representatives treated Shevchenko exclusively in the limits of ethnography and as a poet of the common people, while his artistic, national, and political significance was obscured. The author refers to private, public, and secret documents. These are P. Seletskyi’s memoirs; P. Galagan’s journal; the correspondence of K. Kersten with her cousin, member of Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood O. Markovych; M. Rigelman’s polemical paper on Ukrainophilism; T. Florynskyi’s work on Ukrainian language and Ukrainian literary separatism; the notes on the Ukrainophile movement by M. Yuzefovych. The following spectrum of ‘Little Russian’ discourse regarding Shevchenko has been defined: ambivalent attitude (P. Seletskyi); an attempt to combine respect for Shevchenko with loyalty to the Russian emperor and empire (H. Galagan); strictly negative and arrogant attitude (K. Kersten); attempts to separate Shevchenko from Ukrainophilism, Ukrainian language and literature (M. Rigelman and T. Florynskyi), understanding of Shevchenko as a creator of Ukrainophilism (M. Yuzefovych). The presence of the poet’s name in reports to the 3rd Department indicates that apprehending Ukrainian separatism, the Russian imperial structures traditionally treated Shevchenko at the political level, just like issues of the Ukrainian language, culture or education. In the context of prohibitions concerning Ukrainian language and culture, the ‘Little Russian’ discourse of interpreting Shevchenko was inevitably politicized and became identified with the imperial one.

Natal dispersal of juvenile arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1048-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E Byrom ◽  
Charles J Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Natal Dispersal ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Mortality Cost ◽  
Arctic Ground Squirrels ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Juvenile Males

Natal dispersal is assumed to be costly because of the risk of mortality, yet rarely are movement patterns and survival of dispersers observed directly. We determined the fates and dispersal distances of 150 radio-collared juvenile arctic ground squirrels from 1993 to 1995 at Kluane, Yukon Territory, Canada (61°N, 138°W). We tested the hypothesis that dispersal has a high mortality cost, and we also attempted to distinguish among three hypotheses to explain natal dispersal: competition for mates, competition for resources, and inbreeding avoidance. Juveniles were radio-collared at emergence from the natal burrow on five 9-ha grids nested within larger (1 km2) experimental manipulations: two controls, a predator exclosure, a food-supplemented grid, and a predator exclosure + food grid. In all years and on all areas, dispersing juveniles were more likely to die than philopatric squirrels, and the risk of mortality increased with distance from the natal burrow for both sexes. Overall, survival of philopatric squirrels was 73%, whereas survival of dispersing squirrels ranged from a maximum of 40% to a minimum of 25%. Juvenile females were strongly philopatric independent of population density, except on the predator exclosure + food grid in 1995, where population density was extremely high and resources other than food were probably limiting. Resource competition may explain patterns of philopatry and dispersal in female arctic ground squirrels. Juvenile males moved farther from their natal site than females and more of them died. Males also had a strong tendency to disperse that was independent of food availability or population density, which suggests that male arctic ground squirrels ultimately may disperse to avoid either inbreeding with female relatives or intrasexual competition for mates.

scholarly journals Portrait of the Existence of Religious Organization in Serving the Ummah in Central Java Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Lilam Kadarin Nuriyanto ◽  
Arnis Rachmadhani ◽  
Rosidin Rosidin ◽  
Titi Isnaini Fauzah ◽  
Samidi Samidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Regional Management ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Central Java Province

As social creatures, humans naturally cannot live without the help of others. Based on those dynamically social interactions, religious organizations --a form of a social group based on equality in both activities and professions-- are formed. At the end of the 19th century, the birth of several Islamic organizations was the answer to the Dutch colonialism situation, including the Mathla'ul Anwar. The existence of Mathla'ul Anwar in Central Java Province is still not well known generally, even though it has been established since 1916. This paper would like to raise an issue qualitatively related to tracing the existence and its service to the community in Central Java. Regional management informed some areas that could be traced for the presence of the organization: Salatiga City, Brebes, Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, and Temanggung Regency. The results obtained in this study are, historically, Mathla'ul Anwar was a reorganization of existing management and new management. The community services are mostly in education, where several established foundations were then joining the organization, becoming the power of movement (da'wa) as much support from professionals. The obstacles that existed in running the organization are the limited funding sources and the lack of sustainability and equal guidance for the administrators.

scholarly journals Sex ratio elasticity influences the selection of sex ratio strategy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqiang Wang ◽  
Ruiwu Wang ◽  
Yaotang Li ◽  
Zhanshan (Sam) Ma
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Mate Competition ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Local Resource Competition ◽  
Local Mate ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Plausible Mechanism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

There are three sex ratio strategies (SRS) in nature—male-biased sex ratio, female-biased sex ratio and, equal sex ratio depending on the proportion of male offspring being greater than, less than, or equal to ½. The problem was already noted in Darwin’s (1859) “Origin of Species,” and it was R. A. Fisher (1930) who first explained why most species in nature display a sex ratio of ½. Consequent SRS theories such as Hamilton’s (1967) local mate competition (LMC) and Clark’s (1978) local resource competition (LRC) separately explained the observed deviations from the seemingly universal 1:1 ratio. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is not yet a unified theory that accounts for the mechanisms of the three SRS. Here, we introduce the price elasticity theory in economics to define sex ratio elasticity (SRE), and present an analytical model that derives three SRSs based on the following assumption: simultaneously existing competitions for both resources and mates influence the level of SRE in both sexes differently. Consequently, it is the difference (between two sexes) in the level of their sex ratio elasticity that leads to three different SRS. Our analytical results demonstrate that the elasticity-based model not only reveals a highly plausible mechanism that explains the evolution of SRS in nature, but also offers a novel framework for unifying two major classical theories (i.e., LMC & LRC) in the field of SRS research.

scholarly journals A SOCIAL COMPONENT IN THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SONS ON MATERNAL LONGEVITY IN PRE-INDUSTRIAL HUMANS

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
BART VAN DE PUTTE ◽  
KOEN MATTHIJS ◽  
ROBERT VLIETINCK
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Social Component ◽  
Biological Explanation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Household Resource ◽  
Maternal Testosterone

Due to their effect on maternal testosterone levels, sons are said to have reduced maternal longevity in pre-industrial humans. This analysis, using information from a Flemish agricultural village in the 18th–20th centuries, confirms the presence of a negative effect of sons on maternal longevity. However, the effect is mainly observed for mothers belonging to the least privileged social group and for sons surviving their fifth birthday. Both findings make the above-mentioned biological explanation relative. However, a plausible alternative, social interpretation is male-dominated intra-household resource competition. It is reasonable to assume that only sons above a certain age are able to claim a serious amount of resources and that competition is strongest within the least privileged social group.

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