scholarly journals Differential reward in “male” versus “female” pollen of functionally dioecious Solanum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie R. Ndem‐Galbert ◽  
Jessica Hall ◽  
Angela J. McDonnell ◽  
Christopher T. Martine
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reward

scholarly journals Reward-Related Suppression of Neural Activity in Macaque Visual Area V4

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 4871-4881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine A Shapcott ◽  
Joscha T Schmiedt ◽  
Kleopatra Kouroupaki ◽  
Ricardo Kienitz ◽  
Andreea Lazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Perceptual Judgment ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Area V4 ◽  
Differential Reward ◽  
Visual Area V4 ◽  
The Brain

Abstract In order for organisms to survive, they need to detect rewarding stimuli, for example, food or a mate, in a complex environment with many competing stimuli. These rewarding stimuli should be detected even if they are nonsalient or irrelevant to the current goal. The value-driven theory of attentional selection proposes that this detection takes place through reward-associated stimuli automatically engaging attentional mechanisms. But how this is achieved in the brain is not very well understood. Here, we investigate the effect of differential reward on the multiunit activity in visual area V4 of monkeys performing a perceptual judgment task. Surprisingly, instead of finding reward-related increases in neural responses to the perceptual target, we observed a large suppression at the onset of the reward indicating cues. Therefore, while previous research showed that reward increases neural activity, here we report a decrease. More suppression was caused by cues associated with higher reward than with lower reward, although neither cue was informative about the perceptually correct choice. This finding of reward-associated neural suppression further highlights normalization as a general cortical mechanism and is consistent with predictions of the value-driven attention theory.

scholarly journals Differential reward conditioning: S− contrast as a function of the magnitude of S+

1966 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 289-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wayne Ludyigson ◽  
Stephen E. Gay
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reward ◽  
Reward Conditioning

Behavioral reactions reflecting differential reward expectations in monkeys

2001 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Watanabe ◽  
Howard C. Cromwell ◽  
Léon Tremblay ◽  
Jeffrey R. Hollerman ◽  
Kazuo Hikosaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Differential Reward

The effect of differential reward on speech patterns

1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Miller ◽  
Harry Zavos ◽  
John W. Vlandis ◽  
Milton E. Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Speech Patterns ◽  
Differential Reward
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