Loss of branches due to winter storms could favor deciduousness in oaks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Karban ◽  
Ian S Pearse
Keyword(s):  
Winter Storms

scholarly journals 13 Years of Storms: An Analysis of the Effects of Storms on Lake Physics on the Atlantic Fringe of Europe

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel René Andersen ◽  
Elvira de Eyto ◽  
Mary Dillane ◽  
Russell Poole ◽  
Eleanor Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Water Column Stability ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Storm Frequency ◽  
Summer Storm ◽  
Lake Physics

While winter storms are generally common in western Europe, the rarer summer storms may result in more pronounced impacts on lake physics. Using long-term, high frequency datasets of weather and lake thermal structure from the west of Ireland (2005 to 2017), we quantified the effects of storms on the physical conditions in a monomictic, deep lake close to the Atlantic Ocean. We analysed a total of 227 storms during the stratified (May to September, n = 51) and non-stratified (November to March, n = 176) periods. In winter, as might be expected, changes were distributed over the entire water column, whereas in summer, when the lake was stratified, storms only impacted the smaller volume above the thermocline. During an average summer (May–September) storm, the lake number dropped by an order of magnitude, the thermocline deepened by an average of 2.8 m, water column stability decreased by an average of 60.4 j m−2 and the epilimnion temperature decreased by a factor of five compared to the average change in winter (0.5 °C vs. 0.1 °C). Projected increases in summer storm frequency will have important implications for lake physics and biological pathways.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Cloud-Top Generating Cells in Winter Cyclones. Part I: Idealized Simulations in the Context of Field Observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1507-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Keeler ◽  
Brian F. Jewett ◽  
Robert M. Rauber ◽  
Greg M. McFarquhar ◽  
Roy M. Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Velocity Spectrum ◽  
Latent Heating ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Radiation Parameterizations

Abstract This paper assesses the influence of radiative forcing and latent heating on the development and maintenance of cloud-top generating cells (GCs) in high-resolution idealized Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulations with initial conditions representative of the vertical structure of a cyclone observed during the Profiling of Winter Storms campaign. Simulated GC kinematics, structure, and ice mass are shown to compare well quantitatively with Wyoming Cloud Radar, cloud probe, and other observations. Sensitivity to radiative forcing was assessed in simulations with longwave-only (nighttime), longwave-and-shortwave (daytime), and no-radiation parameterizations. The domain-averaged longwave cooling rate exceeded 0.50 K h−1 near cloud top, with maxima greater than 2.00 K h−1 atop GCs. Shortwave warming was weaker by comparison, with domain-averaged values of 0.10–0.20 K h−1 and maxima of 0.50 K h−1 atop GCs. The stabilizing influence of cloud-top shortwave warming was evident in the daytime simulation’s vertical velocity spectrum, with 1% of the updrafts in the 6.0–8.0-km layer exceeding 1.20 m s−1, compared to 1.80 m s−1 for the nighttime simulation. GCs regenerate in simulations with radiative forcing after the initial instability is released but do not persist when radiation is not parameterized, demonstrating that radiative forcing is critical to GC maintenance under the thermodynamic and vertical wind shear conditions in this cyclone. GCs are characterized by high ice supersaturation (RHice > 150%) and latent heating rates frequently in excess of 2.00 K h−1 collocated with vertical velocity maxima. Ice precipitation mixing ratio maxima of greater than 0.15 g kg−1 were common within GCs in the daytime and nighttime simulations.

scholarly journals 1. On the Nature and Character of European Winter Storms, with the best means of giving Warning of their Approach

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Convex Side ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Orkney Islands ◽  
Round Numbers ◽  
North And South

The object of this paper was to show the true character of storms, illustrated by those of 2d, 3d, and 4th December 1863. It was pointed out that the mode usually adopted of laying down the isobarometric lines was calculated to present an erroneous view of their figure or form. The laying down representative lines in round numbers of 5 millemetres in each, or in two-tenths of an inch of barometric readings, lead deceptively to the conclusion that the areas of least pressure were circular or elliptical.It was then shown that the lines of equal pressures were ribbed into the latitudinal line of minimum barometer, which was usually found running north and south, sometimes nearly straight, but often curved, with its convex side towards the east. The minimum line of barometer was easily fixed by consulting the self-registering barometers. The minimum line of barometer was shown to have been on the meridian of London at 8 a.m. of the 3d December, and apparently nearly straight from Algiers to the Orkney Islands.

scholarly journals Evaluating the accuracy of C- and X-band weather radars and their application for stream flow simulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Shrestha ◽  
T. Goormans ◽  
P. Willems
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
X Band ◽  
Rainfall Estimates

This paper investigates the accuracy of rainfall estimates from C- and X-band weather radars and their application for stream flow simulation. Different adjustment procedures are applied to raw radar estimates using gauge readings from a network of 12 raingauges. The stream flow is simulated for the 48.17 km2 Molenbeek/Parkbeek catchment located in the Flemish region of Belgium based on a lumped conceptual model. Results showed that raw radar estimates can be greatly improved using adjustment procedures. The gauge-radar residuals however, remain large even after adjustments. The adjusted X-band radar estimates are observed to be better estimates than corresponding C-band estimates. Their application for stream flow simulation showed that raingauges and radars can simulate spatially more uniform winter storms with almost the same accuracy, whereas differences are more evident on summer events.

KEEPING AN EYE ON WINTER STORMS

Weather ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 200-203
Author(s):  
A. Riordan SethuRaman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Storms

Discussion of “Augmentation of 1968-1972 Winter Storms in New Mexico”

1977 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1256-1258
Author(s):  
Herbert B. Osborn ◽  
Leonard J. Lane
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Winter Storms

Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Potato Crop ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Cyst Form ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Irrigation Channels ◽  
Andes Region

Abstract G. rostochiensis is a world wide pest of temperate areas, including both temperate countries and temperate regions of tropical countries, for example India's Nigrilis region. Distribution is linked to that of the potato crop. Potato cyst nematode is considered to have originated from the Andes region of South America, from where it spread to Europe with potatoes. The ease with which it has been transported across continents proves what a resilient pest it is. The cyst form which adheres to host roots, stolons and tubers and to soil particles during transportation gives rise to new infestations where climate and food source are both available and favourable. Secondary means of dispersal is through the movement of contaminated farm machinery, farming implements and contaminated footwear. Cysts are also successfully spread by wind dispersal, during winter storms or sand storms where top soil is redistributed. Rain which causes flooding and water to run off fields into trenches or irrigation channels also redistributes cysts into adjoining areas.

scholarly journals Wind gust estimation for Mid-European winter storms: towards a probabilistic view

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 17471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Born ◽  
Patrick Ludwig ◽  
Joaquim G. Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Wind Gust ◽  
Winter Storms

scholarly journals Terrain-Trapped Airflows and Orographic Rainfall along the Coast of Northern California. Part II: Horizontal and Vertical Structures Observed by a Scanning Doppler Radar

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (8) ◽  
pp. 2381-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul A. Valenzuela ◽  
David E. Kingsmill
Keyword(s):  
Wind Direction ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Horizontal Gradient ◽  
Kinematic Structure ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Orographic Rainfall ◽  
Close Proximity

Abstract This study documents the mean properties and variability of kinematic and precipitation structures associated with orographic precipitation along the coast of Northern California in the context of terrain-trapped airflows (TTAs). TTAs are defined as relatively narrow air masses that consistently flow in close proximity and approximately parallel to an orographic barrier. Seven land-falling winter storms are examined with observations from a scanning X-band Doppler radar deployed on the coast at Fort Ross, California. Additional information is provided by a 915-MHz wind-profiling radar, surface meteorology, a GPS receiver, and balloon soundings. The composite kinematic structure during TTA conditions exhibits a significant horizontal gradient of wind direction from the coast to approximately 50 km offshore and a low-level jet (LLJ) that surmounts a weaker airflow offshore corresponding to the TTA, with a zone of enhanced precipitation evident between ~5 and 25 km offshore and oriented nearly parallel to the coastline. Conversely, the composite kinematic structure during NO-TTA conditions exhibits a smaller offshore horizontal gradient of wind direction and precipitation structures are generally enhanced within km of the coastline. Interstorm variability analysis reveals significant variations in kinematic structures during both TTA and NO-TTA conditions, whereas significant variations in precipitation structures are only evident during TTA conditions. The interstorm analysis also illustrates more clearly how LLJ vertical structures evident during NO-TTA conditions exhibit ascent along the coast and over the coastal mountains, which is in contrast to TTA conditions where the ascent occurs offshore and over the TTA.

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