Growth rate of an ice crystal in flowing water and salt solutions

AIChE Journal ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Vlahakis ◽  
Allen J. Bardhun
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Salt Solutions

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Gross
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Dermal Collagen ◽  
Low Levels

The total amount of neutral salt-extractible collagen in the skin of growing, suckling guinea pigs amounted to about 10 per cent of the total collagen of the dennis. This is roughly equivalent to a 1 to 2 day increment in dermal collagen incident to growth. Fourteen days of static weight maintained by limited caloric intake reduced the neutral salt-extractible collagen to very low levels. Following this period, 5 to 7 days of steady weight gain induced by ad lib. feeding was required to produce significant increases in this collagen fraction. Return to control levels occurred within 12 days of continuous growth. The amount of collagen extracted from the dermis of young guinea pigs with cold neutral salt solutions varied directly with growth rate (weight gain) and was greatly diminished after short periods of restricted caloric intake. Two days of fasting diminished the total extracted collagen by one-half. Three consecutive extractions with citrate buffer pH, 3.5, of the residues remaining after exhaustive saline extraction removed 40 per cent more collagen from the skins of actively growing animals than from those of animals fasted for 2 days. However, subsequent extraction of residues with dilute acetic acid equalized the total amount of collagen extracted at acid pH from the two groups. The viscosity of cold neutral extracts was unrelated to the concentrations of non-collagenous proteins and carbohydrates but varied directly with the collagen content.

Measurements of Growth Rates of an Ice Crystal from Supercooled Heavy Water under Microgravity Conditions: Basal Face Growth Rate and Tip Velocity of a Dendrite

2011 ◽  
Vol 115 (27) ◽  
pp. 8739-8745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuro Yokoyama ◽  
Izumi Yoshizaki ◽  
Taro Shimaoka ◽  
Takehiko Sone ◽  
Tatsuo Kiyota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Basal Face ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Tip Velocity

Growth rate of an ice crystal in subcooled pure water

AIChE Journal ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshy P. Kallungal ◽  
Allen J. Barduhn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Ice Crystal

scholarly journals Towards the Understanding of Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging in Thunderstorm Electrification

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanping He ◽  
Boyan Gu ◽  
Daizhou Zhang ◽  
Weizhen Lu ◽  
Chuck Wah Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Charge Separation ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Surface Tension Gradient ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Charge Migration ◽  
Relative Growth

Thunderstorm electrification has been studied for hundreds of years. Several mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the electrification, including convective charging, inductive precipitation charging, and ice crystal-graupel collision charging. Field observations and model studies have demonstrated the vital roles that graupel and ice crystals play in the electrification, but the mechanism of the collision charging is still unclear. The fundamental essence of relative growth rate theory used for explaining the tripole charge structure in thunderclouds also needs a further exploration. We analyze the processes of ice crystal-graupel collision charging from charge migration inside hydrometeors to charge separation between two hydrometeors. The driving effects of temperature gradient and chemical potential gradient in charge migration are clarified, as well as the applicability of the relative growth rate theory, thermoelectric effect and surface tension gradient in different humidities. Based on the understanding from these electrification mechanisms, we propose that the essence of charge separation is driven by non-thermal equilibrium, and future studies on thunderstorm electrification should focus on the dynamical non-thermal equilibrium of cloud particles.

scholarly journals Dynamical Processes at the Ice-Water Interface During Solidification

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (85) ◽  
pp. 537-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Bilgram ◽  
H. Güttinger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Line Width ◽  
Correlation Length ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Thermal Gradients ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Scattering Angle ◽  
Ice Water

Abstract The dynamics of the freezing process is studied at the surface of growing ice crystal by means of Rayleigh spectroscopy. Light is scattered quasi-elastically at the interface. The line width is proportional to the square of the scattering vector. For a scattering angle of 90° one measure, about 2 krad/s. The line width does not depend on the growth rate or thermal gradients at the interface. Light is scattered isotropically, which indicates that the correlation length is small compared with the wavelength of the scattered light. The intensity depends on the growth rate and shows a hysteresis in that dependence; at a minimum growth rate one observes the onset of fluctuations.

scholarly journals Comparison of Ice Crystals Grown from Vapour in Varying Conditions

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 242-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takira Yamashtta ◽  
Asaharu Asano ◽  
Takayuki Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Thin Plate ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal

In a static supercooled cloud dendrites hardly grow at about -15°C except at the pointed tip of a needle-like ice crystal or an isolated thin plate-like ice crystal. When ice crystals are moved slowly in a static supercooled cloud, dendrites grow at about -15° C and the α-axis growth rate increases as the velocity of the dendrites increases; at velocities higher than 20 cm/s, however, the a-axis growth rate decreases as the velocity increases due to the influence of heavy riming. The maximum a-axis growth rate in a supercooled cloud is observed at about -15°C in experiments growing ice crystals in free fall.

scholarly journals Dynamical Processes at the Ice-Water Interface During Solidification

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (85) ◽  
pp. 537-545
Author(s):  
J. H. Bilgram ◽  
H. Güttinger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Line Width ◽  
Correlation Length ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Thermal Gradients ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Scattering Angle ◽  
Ice Water

AbstractThe dynamics of the freezing process is studied at the surface of growing ice crystal by means of Rayleigh spectroscopy. Light is scattered quasi-elastically at the interface. The line width is proportional to the square of the scattering vector. For a scattering angle of 90° one measure, about 2 krad/s. The line width does not depend on the growth rate or thermal gradients at the interface. Light is scattered isotropically, which indicates that the correlation length is small compared with the wavelength of the scattered light. The intensity depends on the growth rate and shows a hysteresis in that dependence; at a minimum growth rate one observes the onset of fluctuations.

Theoretical Modeling of Ice Formation Using Direct Contact Heat Exchange

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Chau ◽  
Patrick E. Phelan ◽  
Byard D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Theoretical Modeling ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Contact Heat ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Rate Dependent

Abstract Theoretical modeling of a column type of direct contact heat exchanger was performed to predict the refrigerant evaporation and ice formation processes. There are a number of factors influencing the heat transfer rate-dependent evaporation of refrigerant and formation of ice. Among these are the size of the refrigerant droplets as injected, the local temperature and pressure, the heat transfer coefficient, and the temperature difference between the fluids. Differential equations are written for a general location in the flow, which express the conservation of energy and mass for the various species in the multiphase flow. The equations are solved stepwise from the initial injection location of the refrigerant to the location at which the entire refrigerant has become vapor. The theoretical modeling of the refrigerant evaporation and ice crystal growth processes is performed to determine the refrigerant bubble growth rate and the ice crystal growth rate in order to predict the refrigerant evaporation time and the size of the ice crystals.

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