scholarly journals Calculation of the flux density function for protein crystals from small scale settling and filtration experiments

AIChE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Radel ◽  
Tu Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Hermann Nirschl
Keyword(s):  
Density Function ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Protein Crystals ◽  
Small Scale

scholarly journals Calculation of the Flux Density Function for Protein Crystals from Small Scale Settling and Filtration Experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Radel ◽  
Tu Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Hermann Nirschl
Keyword(s):  
Density Function ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Protein Crystals ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Compressible Material ◽  
Filtration Properties

Development and engineering of protein crystals regarding mechanical stability and crystallizability occurs on a small scale. Later in the process chain of industrial production however, filtration properties are important to separate the crystals from mother liquor. Many protein crystals are sensitive to mechanical stress which is why it is important to know the filtration behavior early on. In this study we analyze settling and filtration behavior of isometric, rod-like and needle shaped lysozyme and rod-like alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) crystals on a small scale using an optical analytical centrifuge. Needle shaped lysozyme and rod-like ADH crystals show compressible material behavior. With the results from settling and filtration experiments the flux density function is calculated and modeled which can be used to describe the whole settling and permeation process in dependency of the solids volume fraction. This is also an issue for simulations of industrial processes.

scholarly journals The effect of small-scale perturbations on the brightness of laser radiation in laser fusion experiments

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Alexandrova ◽  
N. G. Basov ◽  
A. E. Danilov ◽  
Yu. A. Mikhailov ◽  
G. V. Sklizkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Active Medium ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
Optical Scheme ◽  
Scale Perturbation ◽  
Perturbation Growth ◽  
Fusion Experiments

The effect of small-scale wavefront perturbations on laser radiation is investigated at flux densities close to maximum. The model and calculated results for the effect of the degree of radiation coherence on the laser radiation brightness as functions of flux density and length and shape of the active medium are presented. For the restricted coherence of the laser radiation, the rate of small-scale perturbation growth is shown to decrease in theactive medium. The principal optical scheme of a laser for fusion experiments, with the maximum radiation brightness, is given as an example.

scholarly journals New Limits to the Small Scale Fluctuations in the Cosmic Background Radiation

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 125-126
Author(s):  
K. I. Kellermann ◽  
E. B. Fomalont ◽  
J. V. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Radio Source ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Background Radiation ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Cosmic Background ◽  
Microwave Background Radiation

The VLA has been used at 4.9 GHz to observe a small region of sky in order to extend the radio source count to low flux density (Fomalont et al., these proceedings) and to look for small scale fluctuations in the 2.7 K cosmic microwave background radiation.

scholarly journals Observations of solar small-scale magnetic flux-sheet emergence

2019 ◽  
Vol 622 ◽  
pp. L12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Fischer ◽  
J. M. Borrero ◽  
N. Bello González ◽  
A. J. Kaithakkal
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Magnetic Loop ◽  
Field Vector ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flux Emergence ◽  
Vector Information

Aims. Two types of flux emergence were recently discovered in numerical simulations: magnetic loops and magnetic sheet emergence. While magnetic loop emergence has been documented well in recent years using high-resolution full Stokes data from ground-based telescopes as well as satellites, magnetic sheet emergence is still an understudied process. We report here on the first clear observational evidence of a magnetic sheet emergence and characterise its development. Methods. Full Stokes spectra from the Hinode spectropolarimeter were inverted with the Stokes Inversion based on Response functions (SIR) code to obtain solar atmospheric parameters such as temperature, line-of-sight velocities, and full magnetic field vector information. Results. We analyse a magnetic flux emergence event observed in the quiet-Sun internetwork. After a large-scale appearance of linear polarisation, a magnetic sheet with horizontal magnetic flux density of up to 194 Mx cm−2 hovers in the low photosphere spanning a region of 2–3 arcsec. The magnetic field azimuth obtained through Stokes inversions clearly shows an organised structure of transversal magnetic flux density emerging. The granule below the magnetic flux sheet tears the structure apart leaving the emerged flux to form several magnetic loops at the edges of the granule. Conclusions. A large amount of flux with strong horizontal magnetic fields surfaces through the interplay of buried magnetic flux and convective motions. The magnetic flux emerges within 10 minutes and we find a longitudinal magnetic flux at the foot points of the order of ∼1018 Mx. This is one to two orders of magnitude larger than what has been reported for small-scale magnetic loops. The convective flows feed the newly emerged flux into the pre-existing magnetic population on a granular scale.

Development of a new flux density function for a focusing heliostat

Energy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 358-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Huang ◽  
Liang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Density Function ◽  
Flux Density

Cycle-dependent and cycle-independent surface tracers of solar magnetic activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (A30) ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
D. D. Sokoloff ◽  
V. N. ◽  
Obridko ◽  
I. M. ◽  
Livshits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Solar Dynamo ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Background Fields ◽  
Cycle Dependent

AbstractWe consider several tracers of magnetic activity that separate cycle-dependent contributions to the background solar magnetic field from those that are independent of the cycle. The main message is that background fields include two relative separate populations. The background fields with a strength up to 100 Mx cm−2 are very poorly correlated with the sunspot numbers and vary little with the phase of the cycle. In contrast, stronger magnetic fields demonstrate pronounced cyclic behaviour. Small-scale solar magnetic fields demonstrate features of fractal intermittent behaviour, which requires quantification. We investigate how the observational estimate of the solar magnetic flux density B depends on resolution D in order to obtain the scaling In BD = −k In D + a in a reasonably wide range. The quantity k demonstrates cyclic variations typical of a solar activity cycle. k depends on the magnetic flux density, i.e. the ratio of the magnetic flux to the area over which the flux is calculated, at a given instant. The quantity a demonstrates some cyclic variation, but it is much weaker than in the case of k. The scaling is typical of fractal structures. The results obtained trace small-scale action in the solar convective zone and its coexistence with the conventional large-scale solar dynamo based on differential rotation and mirror-asymmetric convection. Here we discuss the message for solar dynamo studies hidden in the above results.

scholarly journals Some remarks on modelling the PDF of the concentration of a dispersing scalar in turbulence

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. CHATWIN
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density Function ◽  
Evolution Equation ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Density Function ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Similarity Solutions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Probability Density Function Pdf

The paper deals with the probability density function (PDF) of the concentration of a scalar within a turbulent flow. Following some comments about the overall structure of the PDF, and its approach to a limit at large times, attention focusses on the so-called small scale mixing term in the evolution equation for the PDF. This represents the effect of molecular diffusion in reducing concentration uctuations, eventually to zero. Arguments are presented which suggest that this quantity could, in certain circumstances, depend inversely upon the PDF, and a particular example of this leads to a new closure hypothesis. Consequences of this, especially similarity solutions, are explored for the case when the concentration field is statistically homogeneous.

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