Local conditions and the economic feasibility of urban wastewater recycling in irrigated agriculture: Lessons from a stochastic regional analysis in California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami Reznik ◽  
Ariel Dinar
Keyword(s):  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Wastewater Recycling

Economic, energy and carbon footprint assessment of integrated forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (FOMBR) process in urban wastewater treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Hafizah Ab Hamid ◽  
Simon Smart ◽  
David K. Wang ◽  
Kaniel Wei Jun Koh ◽  
Kalvin Jiak Chern Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Carbon Footprint Assessment ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

This study systematically explores the potential applications of forward osmosis (FO) membrane based technology in urban wastewater treatment and water reclamation for their techno-economic feasibility and sustainability.

scholarly journals Cost of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Ecotaxes: Evidence from Municipalities in Southern Europe

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarnación Moral Pajares ◽  
Leticia Gallego Valero ◽  
Isabel Román Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

The principle of cost recovery established by the Water Framework Directive underlines the need for tax rates, which can raise enough revenue to finance the cost of treatments applied to wastewater. The objective of this research is to gain an understanding the different types of charges related to urban wastewater treatment that can be levied by the authorities responsible for this service. This paper also aims to determine whether these taxes contribute to guaranteeing the economic feasibility of the wastewater treatment plants. The proposed methodological approach is applied to 18 municipalities of a province in southern Europe in 2017. The results confirm that in most of these cases, the taxes levied do not guarantee adequate tax revenues to cover the running, maintenance and investment costs of municipal wastewater treatment plants. This situation leads to a lack of financial self-sufficiency in the wastewater management service, meaning that the imbalance between income and expenditure has to be covered by government subsidies. The results of this study will help guide authorities around the world that are in charge of managing urban wastewater treatment services.

Analysis on Sewage Source Heat Pump Applications in the Building Energy Saving

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Xue Ting Liu ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Zai Qiang Lou ◽  
Yun Ting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Wastewater Recycling ◽  
Building Energy Saving ◽  
Sewage Source

This paper briefly describes the sewage source heat pump, focuses primarily on water-source heat pump applications in practical project . Sewage source heat pump technology has matured and the rapid development of building energy saving in the promotion and application of energy efficient use of urban sewage system provides a reliable technology to ensure that, with the energy, economic and environmental advantages. Sewage source heat pump technology to urban wastewater recycling, turning waste into treasure,to achieve a sustainable energy development.

scholarly journals TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SOLAR IRRIGATION PUMPING SYSTEM: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Lamine DIOP
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Environmental Feasibility ◽  
The Impact

Climate change has become a major constraint to the development of rain-fed agriculture due to the decline of rainfall. Therefore, irrigated agriculture is an alternative allowing farmers to have more access to water in order to meet crop water requirements. However, irrigated agriculture faces a major constraint related to the accessibility of energy sources used in pumping water. In general, the most common energy sources used in pumping water for irrigation are fuel and electricity. Nevertheless, they are very expensive, are not always accessible particularly in rural areas in Africa and have a negative impact on the environment; hence the need to find alternatives to solve this problem. This review focuses on the technical and economic feasibility of solar irrigation pumps and the impact of their use on the environment. Several aspects related to solar pumping have been discussed, namely the components of the solar pumping system, the energy source used, the principle of operation of the system, the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility. Reviews show that the use of solar irrigation pumps is a technically and economically feasible alternative in several areas with less environmental impact.

scholarly journals Potential of Sustainable Concept for Handling Organic Waste in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8167
Author(s):  
Nour El Houda Chaher ◽  
Safwat Hemidat ◽  
Qahtan Thabit ◽  
Mehrez Chakchouk ◽  
Abdallah Nassour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Aerobic Digestion ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Biological Treatments

Nowadays, Tunisia is seeking to implement cost-efficient and sustainable solutions in relation to the treatment of organic waste which, at up to 65%, makes up the largest proportion of total waste generated in the country. Therefore, an efficient tool for decision makers is needed to provide a clear approach about the potential of organic waste as well as the treatment concept, which can be adapted based on technical requirements and local conditions. Results revealed that there is a high variation in terms of the nature of the collected biowaste, which affects the selection of the adopted bioprocess for each geographical zone of the study area. Three main categories of biowaste are produced along the coastline of Tunisia: food waste (FW) (102.543 t/a); green waste (GW) (1.326.930 t/a); and cattle manure (CM) (1.548.350 t/a). Based on the results of similar projects and laboratory-scale research work, anaerobic and aerobic digestion were examined. Regarding aerobic digestion, the monitoring of several physicochemical parameters ascertained that the co-composting of FW and GW at different ratios (GW: FW = 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) allowed the production of a stable and mature compost. A highly qualified end-product was generated from each trial categorized as a finished compost of class V with reference to German Standards of compost. Regarding the anaerobic process, different feedstock mixtures (FW:CM = 0:1, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) were prepared to feed semi-continuous anaerobic reactors. However, a significant improvement in the process development was recorded for digesters including a higher fraction of FW, which produced 0.846 LN/kg VSin as the maximum biogas production. Therefore, biological treatments of food waste and different co-substrates seems to be a suitable technique for Tunisia in terms of waste management, environmental, and energy aspects. However, the evaluation of the efficiency of the proposed biological treatments was also verified by a draw-up of a technical and economic feasibility analysis. Although the cost–benefit estimations proved that the profits from both the compost and biogas plants would be very modest, the feasibility of such sustainable projects should not only be evaluated on an economic basis, but also by taking into account socio-environmental considerations including decreasing environmental threats, providing work opportunities, increasing incomes, stimulating public awareness as well as reducing the operating costs linked to landfilling.

scholarly journals Groundwater Governance in Pakistan: From Colossal Development to Neglected Management

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asad Sarwar Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The World

Groundwater is playing an essential role in expanding irrigated agriculture in many parts of the world. Pakistan is the third-largest user of groundwater for irrigation in the world. The surface water supplies are sufficient to irrigate 27% of the area, whereas the remaining 73% is directly or indirectly irrigated using groundwater. The Punjab province uses more than 90% of the total groundwater abstraction. Currently, 1.2 million private tubewells are working in the country, out of which 85% are in Punjab, 6.4% are in Sindh, 3.8% are in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and 4.8% are in Baluchistan. The total groundwater extraction in Pakistan is about 60 billion m3. The access to groundwater has helped farmers in securing food for the increasing population. However, unchecked groundwater exploitation has created severe environmental problems. These include rapidly falling groundwater levels in the irrigated areas and increased soil salinization problems. The groundwater levels in more than 50% of the irrigated areas of Punjab have dropped below 6 m, resulting in increased pumping cost and degraded groundwater quality. Despite hectic efforts, about 21% of the irrigated area is affected by different levels of salinity. The country has introduced numerous laws and regulations for the sustainable use and management of groundwater resources, but the success has so far been limited. Besides less respect for the law, unavailability of needed data and information, lack of political will and institutional arrangements are the primary reasons for poor groundwater management. Pakistan needs to revisit its strategies to make them adaptable to local conditions. An integrated water resource management approach that brings together relevant government departments, political leadership, knowledge institutions, and other stakeholders could be an attractive option.

Augmenting Water Supplies Through Urban Wastewater Recycling (March 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1523-1530
Author(s):  
Rejoice Malisa ◽  
Erwin Schwella ◽  
Benjamin Batinge
Keyword(s):  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Wastewater Recycling

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-655
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Health It ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Dental Profession ◽  
Health Nursing

" . . . In view of these considerations, your Committee recommends that any community which includes a child population of sufficient size, and which obtains its water supply from sources which are free from or are extremely low in fluorides, should consider the practicability and economic feasibility of adjusting the concentration to optimal levels. This adjustment should be in accord with climatic factors and a constant chemical control should be maintained. With proper safeguards, this procedure appears to be harmless. However, it should be conducted under expert dental and engineering supervision by the state board of health. It should not be undertaken unless this can be provided. How much reduction in the prevalence of caries will actually be realized in a particular community will vary according to local conditions. The procedure will supplement but not supplant other dental health measures. About one half of the population of this country is living in small villages and rural areas and will not benefit by fluoridation of public water supplies. Other provisions for preventing dental caries in this fraction of the population should be continued and developed." Support of the policy of fluoridation has come officially from the U. S. Public Health Service, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers, the American Public Health Association, the American Dental Association and more recently the American Medical Association. It is to the distinct credit of the dental profession and both national and local dental societies that they have been in the forefront of local community efforts to further a preventive technique which should have the effect of reducing the amount of reparative dentistry needed.

scholarly journals VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DA IRRIGAÇÃO DEFICITÁRIA EM MILHO IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Dalcin Martins ◽  
Reimar Carlesso ◽  
Mirta Teresinha Petry ◽  
Gonçalo Caleia Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Santa Maria

VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DA IRRIGAÇÃO DEFICITÁRIA EM MILHO IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO JULIANO DALCIN MARTINS 1; MIRTA TERESINHA PETRY 2; GONÇALO CALEIA RODRIGUES 3 E REIMAR CARLESSO 4  1 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha (IFRS), Câmpus Ibirubá, Ibirubá, RS, [email protected] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Santa Maria, RS, [email protected] CEER- Engenharia dos biossistemas,  Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, [email protected] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Santa Maria, RS, [email protected].  1 RESUMO A irrigação por gotejamento é uma tecnologia que permite maior controle sobre a quantidade de água aplicada, melhorando a eficiência de seu uso na agricultura irrigada. Entretanto, apesar das inúmeras vantagens associadas à irrigação por gotejamento, a sua implantação muitas vezes é limitada pelo elevado custo de implantação e manutenção. O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica do uso da irrigação deficitária por gotejamento na cultura do milho. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos sob uma cobertura móvel, nos anos agrícolas de 2010/11 e 2011/12. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de irrigação plena com reposição de 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e irrigação deficitária, com reposição da evapotranspiração da cultura de 80, 55 e 30% da ETc, durante o ano agrícola de 2010/11 e reposição de 100, 80, 65, 45 e 40% da ETc, durante o ano agrícola de 2011/12. Os resultados indicaram que as despesas com os custos fixos relacionados às linhas laterais do sistema de irrigação foram as que mais oneraram o custo final de produção, em todos os tratamentos e condições estudadas. A análise de sensibilidade demonstrou que a lucratividade da irrigação por gotejamento na cultura do milho está associada ao custo fixo anual do sistema de irrigação e do preço de comercialização do milho. Palavras-chave: Viabilidade econômica, evapotranspiração, manejo de irrigação.  MARTINS. J. D.; PETRY, M. T.; RODRIGUES, G. C.;CARLESSO. R.ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF DEFICTARY DRIP IRRIGATION INIRRIGATED CORN  2 ABSTRACT Drip irrigation is a technology that allows greater control over the applied water improving the water use efficiency in the irrigated agriculture. However, despite the advantages used associated to the drip irrigation, its implantation may sometimes be limited by installation costs. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the economic feasibility of deficit irrigation using a drip system for maize plants. Two experiments were conducted under a rain out shelter, during 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of full irrigation with replacement of 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and deficit irrigation with replacement of the crop evapotranspiration at a rate of 80, 55 and 30% ETc during the 2010/11 growing season and replacement of 100, 80, 65, 45 and 40% of ETc during the 2011/12 growing season. The results indicated that expenses with fixed costs related to the lateral lines of the irrigation system were higher for all treatments and conditions studied. Sensitivity analysis shows that the profitability of drip irrigation for maize was associated with annual fixed cost of the drip irrigation system and also the maize selling price. Keywords: Economic viability, evapotranspiration, irrigation management. 

Runoff impoundment for supplemental irrigation: An economic assessment

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
F. G. Scrimgeour ◽  
G. W. Frasier
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Local Conditions

AbstractWater harvesting technologies capture surface water runoff and recycle it for productive use. Despite the long history of water harvesting and the renewed interest in many places in the world, the technology has not been widely adopted in the United States, in part because of a lack of understanding of its economic benefits. We developed a simulation model for the economic evaluation of water harvesting systems that combines agronomic, engineering, and economic factors and daily meteorological data. The simulation model was used to investigate the economic feasibility of using a water-harvesting, supplemental irrigation system for grain sorghum production over a 44-year period at two locations in Texas. Water harvesting combined with supplemental irrigation was most successful where the precipitation is the highest. However, the net benefits were extremely variable from year to year. The modeled technique could not take advantage of the potential additional water in the wet years and did not harvest sufficient water in dry years to make water harvesting more economically attractive than conventional dryland farming. This does not mean that runoff farming cannot be of economic benefit, depending on local conditions. Widespread adoption of the technology is constrained by the limited profit potential the variability of the profits, and the knowledge required to use the technology successfully. The simulation model was a useful and simple tool for dealing with the complexity of the issues.

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