Highly Sensitive and Ultrafast Responding Array Photodetector Based on a Newly Tailored 2D Lead Iodide Perovskite Crystal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1900308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyun Xu ◽  
Yaobin Li ◽  
Xitao Liu ◽  
Chengmin Ji ◽  
Huaixi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Iodide ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Perovskite Crystal ◽  
Array Photodetector

scholarly journals Probing Perovskite Carrier Dynamics under Sunlight

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Han Li ◽  
Huang Li ◽  
Zhipeng Xuan ◽  
Wen Zeng ◽  
Jia-Cheng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Lifetime ◽  
Transient Absorption ◽  
Carrier Dynamics ◽  
Lead Iodide ◽  
Ultrafast Dynamic ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Response Range ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
High Carrier ◽  
Linear Response Range

Abstract Understanding the nature of photogenerated carriers and their subsequent dynamics in perovskites is important for the development of related materials and devices. Most ultrafast dynamic measurements on the perovskite materials were conducted under high carrier densities, which likely obscures the genuine dynamics at low carrier densities under solar illumination conditions. In this study, we presented a detailed experimental study of the carrier density-dependent dynamics in hybrid lead iodide perovskites using a highly sensitive transient absorption spectrometer. We found that the carrier lifetime was about a hundred nanosecond in the linear response range, representing sunlight excitation, which was much longer than under high carrier densities. We also elucidated that the fast carrier decay (<1 ps) and the medium decay processes (tens of ps) occurred via the defect state trapping, and we determined its effects on the utilization percentage of photogenerated carriers through quantitative analysis. Furthermore, we obtained the Shockley-Queisser limit that took into account the carrier trapping effect, which directly reflected the material performance.

scholarly journals Influence of metal halide perovskite modifications on structure and functionality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Erin Service
Keyword(s):  
Metal Halide ◽  
Lead Iodide ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Metal Halide Perovskite ◽  
Perovskite Crystal ◽  
Methylammonium Lead Iodide ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

<p>Metal halide perovskites (ABX₃) represent an important class of materials with respect to optoelectronic applications such as photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. In this thesis, modification of these materials was explored through metal substitutions, halide substitutions and also nanocrystal synthesis. The ability for these modifications to take place was analyzed, and related to the effects on structural and optoelectronic properties.  Heterovalent metal substitutions were explored through the substitution of Bi³⁺ into methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃). It was found that a two phase material composed of MAPbI₃ and MA₃Bi₂I₉ forms during these substitutions. This resulted in changes to electron-hole generation in the thin films and separation in photovoltaic devices, as observed through optical absorption and current-voltage measurements. Substitutions of Bi³⁺ and Tl⁺ were also carried out at dopant concentrations of 0.1–1%. Although the bulk crystal structure was maintained here, the power conversion efficiencies of devices decreased, with a bigger effect measured for Bi³⁺ doping. The ability for halide ions in MAPbBr₃ to be substituted with the thiocyanate ion (SCN)⁻ was investigated and compared to previous reports concerning MAPbI₃. From the studies conducted here, it is unlikely that the (SCN)⁻ ion becomes incorporated into the perovskite crystal lattice. This appeared to be primarily due to the reactivity of MA⁺ ion with (SCN)⁻. Finally, Cs₃Bi₂I₉ nanocrystals were synthesized via the hot injection method. This was supported through XRD, TEM and EDS measurements, where the crystals were found to display hexagonal symmetry. Subsequent experiments on the mixed halide nanocrystals (I/Br) revealed the sensitive nature of this synthesis to oxygen contamination.</p>

scholarly journals Influence of metal halide perovskite modifications on structure and functionality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Erin Service
Keyword(s):  
Metal Halide ◽  
Lead Iodide ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Metal Halide Perovskite ◽  
Perovskite Crystal ◽  
Methylammonium Lead Iodide ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

<p>Metal halide perovskites (ABX₃) represent an important class of materials with respect to optoelectronic applications such as photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. In this thesis, modification of these materials was explored through metal substitutions, halide substitutions and also nanocrystal synthesis. The ability for these modifications to take place was analyzed, and related to the effects on structural and optoelectronic properties.  Heterovalent metal substitutions were explored through the substitution of Bi³⁺ into methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃). It was found that a two phase material composed of MAPbI₃ and MA₃Bi₂I₉ forms during these substitutions. This resulted in changes to electron-hole generation in the thin films and separation in photovoltaic devices, as observed through optical absorption and current-voltage measurements. Substitutions of Bi³⁺ and Tl⁺ were also carried out at dopant concentrations of 0.1–1%. Although the bulk crystal structure was maintained here, the power conversion efficiencies of devices decreased, with a bigger effect measured for Bi³⁺ doping. The ability for halide ions in MAPbBr₃ to be substituted with the thiocyanate ion (SCN)⁻ was investigated and compared to previous reports concerning MAPbI₃. From the studies conducted here, it is unlikely that the (SCN)⁻ ion becomes incorporated into the perovskite crystal lattice. This appeared to be primarily due to the reactivity of MA⁺ ion with (SCN)⁻. Finally, Cs₃Bi₂I₉ nanocrystals were synthesized via the hot injection method. This was supported through XRD, TEM and EDS measurements, where the crystals were found to display hexagonal symmetry. Subsequent experiments on the mixed halide nanocrystals (I/Br) revealed the sensitive nature of this synthesis to oxygen contamination.</p>

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Fluorescence ratio imaging of dynamic intracellular ionic signals

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
R. Y. Tsien ◽  
A. Minta ◽  
M. Poenie ◽  
J.P.Y. Kao ◽  
A. Harootunian
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Ph Indicators ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Fluorescence Ratio Imaging ◽  
Ratio Imaging ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Indicator Dyes ◽  
Fluorescein Dyes

Recent technical advances now enable the continuous imaging of important ionic signals inside individual living cells with micron spatial resolution and subsecond time resolution. This methodology relies on the molecular engineering of indicator dyes whose fluorescence is strong and highly sensitive to ions such as Ca2+, H+, or Na+, or Mg2+. The Ca2+ indicators, exemplified by fura-2 and indo-1, derive their high affinity (Kd near 200 nM) and selectivity for Ca2+ to a versatile tetracarboxylate binding site3 modeled on and isosteric with the well known chelator EGTA. The most commonly used pH indicators are fluorescein dyes (such as BCECF) modified to adjust their pKa's and improve their retention inside cells. Na+ indicators are crown ethers with cavity sizes chosen to select Na+ over K+: Mg2+ indicators use tricarboxylate binding sites truncated from those of the Ca2+ chelators, resulting in a more compact arrangement of carboxylates to suit the smaller ion.

Various technic for the measurement of step thickness on crystal surfaces

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
C. Boulesteix ◽  
C. Colliex ◽  
C. Mory ◽  
B. Pardo ◽  
D. Renard
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thickness ◽  
Symmetric Case ◽  
Transmitted Intensity ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Excited Wave ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Contrast Mechanisms ◽  
Step Thickness ◽  
Thickness Variations

Contrast mechanisms, which are responsible of the various types of image formation, are generally thickness dependant. In the following, two imaging modes in the 100 kV CTEM are described : they are highly sensitive to thickness variations and can be used for quantitative estimations of step heights.Detailed calculations (1) of the bright-field intensity have been carried out in the 3 (or 2N+l)-beam symmetric case. They show that in given conditions, the two important symmetric Bloch waves interfere most strongly at a critical thickness for which they have equal emergent amplitudes (the more excited wave at the entrance surface is also the more absorbed). The transmitted intensity I for a Nd2O3 specimen has been calculated as a function of thickness t. The capacity of the method to detect a step and measure its height can be more clearly deduced from a plot of dl/Idt as shown in fig. 1.

Estimation of the noise in TEM image recorded on “imaging plate”

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 748-749
Author(s):  
T. Oikawa ◽  
N. Mori ◽  
T. Katoh ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Miyahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Quantum Noise ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
Total System ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Recording Material ◽  
Highly Sensitive

The “Imaging Plate”(IP) is a highly sensitive image recording plate for X-ray radiography. It has been ascertained that the IP has superior properties and high practicability as an image recording material in a TEM. The sensitivity, one of the properties, is about 3 orders higher than that of conventional photo film. The IP is expected to be applied to low dose techniques. In this paper, an estimation of the quantum noise on the TEM image which appears in case of low electron dose on the IP is reported.In this experiment, the JEM-2000FX TEM and an IP having the same size as photo film were used.Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the total system including the TEM used in this experiment. In the reader, He-Ne laser light is scanned across the IP, then blue light is emitted from the IP.

High-sensitivity detection of gold labels by high-angle dark-field STEM imaging

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 892-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max T. Otten
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Backscattered Electron Imaging ◽  
Backscattered Electrons ◽  
Average Atomic Number ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Backscattered Electron ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
High Sensitivity Detection

Labelling of antibodies with small gold probes is a highly sensitive technique for detecting specific molecules in biological tissue. Larger gold probes are usually well visible in TEM or STEM Bright-Field images of unstained specimens. In stained specimens, however, the contrast of the stain is frequently the same as that of the gold labels, making it virtually impossible to identify the labels, especially when smaller gold labels are used to increase the sensitivity of the immunolabelling technique. TEM or STEM Dark-Field images fare no better (Figs. 1a and 2a), again because of the absence of a clear contrast difference between gold labels and stain.Potentially much more useful is backscattered-electron imaging, since this will show differences in average atomic number which are sufficiently large between the metallic gold and the stains normally used. However, for the thin specimens and at high accelerating voltages of the STEM, the yield of backscattered electrons is very small, resulting in a very weak signal. Consequently, the backscattered-electron signal is often too noisy for detecting small labels, even for large spot sizes.

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