Magnetically Steerable Serial and Parallel Structures by Mold‐Free Origami Templating and Domain Setting

2021 ◽  
pp. 2101140
Author(s):  
Bok Seng Yeow ◽  
Haitao Yang ◽  
Manivannan Sivaperuman Kalairaj ◽  
Huxin Gao ◽  
Catherine Jiayi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Structures

Understanding parallel structures in public administration

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-292
Author(s):  
Stefan Mann
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
The Political ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
Objective Hermeneutics ◽  
Underlying Causes

This paper addresses the question of the underlying causes for persistent parallel structures in public administration. Frames like bounded rationality, the budget-maximizing bureaucrat and the political theory of hegemony are examined with respect to the possible provision of explanations for the persistence of parallel administrations. A combination of content analysis and objective hermeneutics is then applied for a case study of parallel administration in Switzerland. A model linking the three approaches is finally developed to show how parallel administration relies on an equilibrium in the struggle for budget and hegemony between the key actors and on ignorance among fringe actors.

Parallel Structures

Vlsi Design ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 311-340
Author(s):  
M. Michael Vai
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Structures

scholarly journals Kvika menntabreytinga: Viðbrögð framhaldsskólans við kröfum menntayfirvalda um breytingar

Netla ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guðrún Ragnarsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Structures ◽  
Policy Enactment

Niðurstöður rannsókna á erlendum vettvangi sýna flókið samspil ytri og innri afla sem hafa áhrif á menntabreytingar. Markmið þessarar greinar er að fjalla um kviku menntabreytinga í íslenskum framhaldsskólum og sýn skólastjórnenda og kennara í níu framhaldsskólum á breytingar í kjölfar framhaldsskólalaganna frá 2008 (lög um framhaldsskóla nr. 92/2008) og aðalnámskrár framhaldsskóla frá árinu 2011 (Menntaog menningarmálaráðuneytið, 2011).Greinin er byggð á viðtölum við 21 stjórnanda og 22 kennara í níu framhaldsskólum víðsvegar um landið. Fyrst voru skólarnir valdir með lagskiptu tilviljunarúrtaki. Þá voru stjórnendur skólanna valdir með sömu aðferð, en kennararnir voru valdir af handahófi úr hópi kennara. Viðtölin við skólastjórnendur og kennara eru rædd í ljósi kenninga Coburn (2004) sem skiptir viðbrögðum kennara við ytri kröfum um breytingar í fimm flokka. Flokkarnir eru: Höfnun (e. rejection), aftenging (e. decoupling), samhliða virkni (e. parallel structures), aðlögun (e. assimilation), og inngreyping (e. accommodation). Viðtölin eru einnig skoðuð í ljósi hugmynda Ball, Maguire og Braun (2012) um útfærslu og framkvæmd stefnu (e. policy enactment). Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar benda til þess að viðbrögð skólanna níu og ólíkra hópa og einstaklinga innan þeirra megi að mestu leyti fella undir fyrrgreinda flokkun Coburn (2004). Til að ná utan um niðurstöðurnar þurfti að bæta við sjötta flokknum sem fengið hefur heitið brautryðjendur (e. pioneers). Sýn og viðhorf stjórnenda og kennara innan sama skóla fór oft ekki saman. Meiri tregða til breytinga kom fram í viðhorfum kennara en í viðhorfum stjórnenda. Niðurstöðurnar sýna mikilvægi þess að stjórnendur, kennarar og menntayfirvöld geri sér grein fyrir fjölbreytilegum viðbrögðum við kröfum menntayfirvalda um breytingar til að skilja og meta stöðuna hverju sinni. Starfsmenning er ólík milli skóla og milli deilda eða sviða hvers skóla. Niðurstöðurnar undirstrika jafnframt mikilvægi þess að skilja þau ólíku öfl sem eru að verki, þannig að yfirstíga megi hindranir og auðvelda breytingar.

scholarly journals THE DIFFICULTIES FACED BY THE STUDENTS IN ANSWERING THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION SECTION OF THE TOEFL TEST

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mainar Fitri
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Written Expression ◽  
Parallel Structure ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
Passive Verbs ◽  
Passing Grade

TOEFL test is one of the requirements for the students of English Study Program FKIP UNRI to finish their study at S1 Degree.  Based on the researcher’s observation, most of the students did not pass the TOEFL Test.  The students followed the test for several times till they reached the passing grade. It seemed that the students got difficulties in answering the TOEFL Test. So, in this research the researcher focused on analyzing the students’ difficulties in answering the Written Expression section of the TOEFL test.  The aims of this research were to identify the categories of items in the Written Expression section of the TOEFL test which were difficult for the third-year students of English Study Program FKIP-UNRI . and to identify which categories of items that were easy for the students. This research was a quantitative research. The researcher analyzed the categories of items tested in TOEFL test, especially in the Written Expression section. There were 12 categories of items tested in the Written Expression section of the TOEFL test based on Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test by Deborah Phillips (2000: 144-221). The categories consisted of subject-verb agreement, parallel structure, comparative and superlative, the use of the verbs, the forms of the verbs, passive verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives and adverbs, articles, prepositions and usages   The result of the research showed that there were 10 categories of items that were difficult for the students. The categories were parallel structures, comparatives and superlatives, the use of the verbs, passive verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives and adverbs, articles, prepositions and usages.  While the categories of items which were considered easy for the students were subject-verb agreement and the forms of the verbs. So, in general, the students got difficulties in answering the Written Expression section of the TOEFL test.

Performing Development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah C. M. Bulloch
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Local Government ◽  
International Development ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
The Status ◽  
Political Economy Of Development ◽  
Development Initiatives

This chapter focuses on development as a “civic project.” It explores local symbols of orchestrated community-wide development, including infrastructure, ceremony and signage. The chapter argues that a defining feature of such symbols is a concern with development as a performative display. Tied as they are to clientelist politics, local government-led development initiatives are largely about “branding” both projects and people in their patron’s name, (re)producing webs of utang kabubut-on(debt of obligation), intended to reinforce the status quo. Entangled in this local political economy of development, are international bilateral and multilateral agencies, equipped with the latest international development orthodoxy and a remit to work in “partnership” with the local government. The incommensurability of these approaches is revealed when “partnership” morphs into a system of largely separate and parallel structures for implementing local development.

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