Pore Size Manipulation in 3D Printed Cryogels Enables Selective Cell Seeding

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1700340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic Serex ◽  
Thomas Braschler ◽  
Aleksandra Filippova ◽  
Ariane Rochat ◽  
Amélie Béduer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Cell Seeding ◽  
3D Printed

scholarly journals Cell proliferation and migration explain pore bridging dynamics in 3D printed scaffolds of different pore size

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
Pascal R. Buenzli ◽  
Matthew Lanaro ◽  
Cynthia S. Wong ◽  
Maximilian P. McLaughlin ◽  
Mark C. Allenby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Migration ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Proliferation And Migration

scholarly journals 3D-Printed Ceramic Bone Scaffolds with Variable Pore Architectures

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6942
Author(s):  
Ho-Kyung Lim ◽  
Seok-Jin Hong ◽  
Sun-Ju Byeon ◽  
Sung-Min Chung ◽  
Sung-Woon On ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Regeneration Ability ◽  
Bone Scaffold ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
3D Printed

This study evaluated the mechanical properties and bone regeneration ability of 3D-printed pure hydroxyapatite (HA)/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) pure ceramic scaffolds with variable pore architectures. A digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer was used to construct block-type scaffolds containing only HA and TCP after the polymer binder was completely removed by heat treatment. The compressive strength and porosity of the blocks with various structures were measured; scaffolds with different pore sizes were implanted in rabbit calvarial models. The animals were observed for eight weeks, and six animals were euthanized in the fourth and eighth weeks. Then, the specimens were evaluated using radiological and histological analyses. Larger scaffold pore sizes resulted in enhanced bone formation after four weeks (p < 0.05). However, in the eighth week, a correlation between pore size and bone formation was not observed (p > 0.05). The findings showed that various pore architectures of HA/TCP scaffolds can be achieved using DLP 3D printing, which can be a valuable tool for optimizing bone-scaffold properties for specific clinical treatments. As the pore size only influenced bone regeneration in the initial stage, further studies are required for pore-size optimization to balance the initial bone regeneration and mechanical strength of the scaffold.

scholarly journals 3D-Printed PCL Composite Scaffolds Incorporating IGF-1 Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for Cartilage Tissue Engineering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiran Wei ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Yue Gu ◽  
Qingqiang Yao ◽  
Jiayi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽  
Plga Nanoparticles ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Composite Scaffolds ◽  
3D Printed

Abstract Objective: To fabricate and test a 3D-printed PCL scaffold incorporating IGF-1 loaded PLGA nanoparticles for cartilage tissue engineering.Methods: IGF-1 loaded PLGA nanoparticles were produced by the double-emulsion method, and were incorporated onto 3D printed PCL scaffolds via PDA. Particle size, loading effciency (LE) and encapsulation effciency (EE) of the nanoparticles were examined. SEM, pore size, porosity, compression testing, contact angle, IGF-1 release kinetics of the composite scaffolds were also determined. For cell culture studies, CCK-8, Live/dead, MTT, GAG content and expression level of chondrocytes specific genes and HIF-1α were also tested.Results: There was no difference of the nanoparticle size. And the LE and EE of IGF-1 in PLGA nanoparticles was about 5.53%±0.12% and 61.26%±2.71%, respectively. There was a slower, sustained release for all drug-loaded nanoparticles PLGA/PDA/PCL scaffolds. There was no difference of pore size, porosity, compressive strength of each scaffold. The contact angles PCL scaffolds were significant decreased when coated with PDA and PLGA nanoparticales. (P < 0.05) Live/dead staining showed more cells attached to the IGF-1 PLGA/PDA/PCL scaffolds. The CCK-8 and MTT assay showed higher cell proliferation and better biocompatibility of the IGF-1 PLGA/PDA/PCL scaffolds. (P < 0.05) GAG content, chondrogenic gene expression level of SOX-9, COL-II, N-cadh, ACAN, and HIF pathway related gene(HIF-1α) were significantly higher in IGF-1 PLGA/PDA/PCL scaffolds on days 7 and 14 compared to other groups. (P < 0.05)Conclusions: IGF-1 PLGA/PDA/PCL scaffolds may be a better method for sustained IGF-1 administration and a promising scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.

The contribution of pore size and porosity of 3D printed porous titanium scaffolds to osteogenesis

2022 ◽  
pp. 112651
Author(s):  
Yanni Zhang ◽  
Na Sun ◽  
Mengran Zhu ◽  
Quanrun Qiu ◽  
Pengju Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Porous Titanium ◽  
3D Printed

Design and Fabrication of 3D Printed Tissue Scaffolds Informed by Mechanics and Fluids Simulations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Egan ◽  
Veronica C. Gonella ◽  
Max Engensperger ◽  
Stephen J. Ferguson ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Design Automation ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Tissue Scaffolds ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
3D Printed

Advances in additive manufacturing are enabling the fabrication of lattices with complex geometries that are potentially advantageous as tissue scaffolds. Scaffold design for optimized mechanics and tissue growth is challenging, due to complicated trade-offs among scaffold structural properties including porosity, pore size, surface-volume ratio, elastic modulus, shear modulus, and permeability. Here, a design for additive manufacturing approach is developed for tuning unit cell libraries as tissue scaffolds through (1) simulation, (2) design automation, and (3) fabrication. Finite element simulations are used to determine elastic and shear moduli of lattices as a function of porosity. Fluids simulations suggest that lattice permeability scales with porosity cubed over surface-volume ratio squared. The design automation approach uses simulation results to configure lattices with specified porosity and pore size. A cubic and octet lattice are fabricated with pore sizes of 1,000μm and porosities of 60%; these lattice types represent unit cells with high unidirectional elastic modulus/permeability and high shear modulus/surface-volume ratio, respectively. Imaging suggests the 3D printing process recreates the form accurately, but distorts microscale features. Future iterations are required to determine how lattices perform in comparison to computational predictions. The developed approach provides the foundations of a design automation approach for optimized 3D printed tissue scaffolds informed by simulation and experiments.

scholarly journals Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2654
Author(s):  
David Muallah ◽  
Philipp Sembdner ◽  
Stefan Holtzhausen ◽  
Heike Meissner ◽  
André Hutsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Bone Augmentation ◽  
3D Printed

Three dimensional (3D) printing allows additive manufacturing of patient specific scaffolds with varying pore size and geometry. Such porous scaffolds, made of 3D-printable bone-like calcium phosphate cement (CPC), are suitable for bone augmentation due to their benefit for osteogenesis. Their pores allow blood-, bone- and stem cells to migrate, colonize and finally integrate into the adjacent tissue. Furthermore, the pore size affects the scaffold’s stability. Since scaffolds in maxillofacial surgery have to withstand high forces within the jaw, adequate mechanical properties are of high clinical importance. Although many studies have investigated CPC for bone augmentation, the ideal porosity for specific indications has not been defined yet. We investigated 3D printed CPC cubes with increasing pore sizes and different printing orientations regarding cell migration and mechanical properties in comparison to commercially available bone substitutes. Furthermore, by investigating clinical cases, the scaffolds’ designs were adapted to resemble the in vivo conditions as accurately as possible. Our findings suggest that the pore size of CPC scaffolds for bone augmentation in maxillofacial surgery necessarily needs to be adapted to the surgical site. Scaffolds for sites that are not exposed to high forces, such as the sinus floor, should be printed with a pore size of 750 µm to benefit from enhanced cell infiltration. In contrast, for areas exposed to high pressures, such as the lateral mandible, scaffolds should be manufactured with a pore size of 490 µm to guarantee adequate cell migration and in order to withstand the high forces during the chewing process.

scholarly journals Airbrushed Nanofibrous Membranes to Control Stem Cell Infiltration In 3D Printed Scaffolds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chya-Yan Liaw ◽  
Shawn Huynh ◽  
Christina Gedeon ◽  
Shen Ji ◽  
Caroline D’souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cell Seeding ◽  
Feature Size ◽  
Polymeric Biomaterials ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Fibrous Membranes ◽  
Hybrid Scaffolds ◽  
Seeding Efficiency

Extrusion-based 3D printing of polymeric biomaterials has emerged as a promising approach for the fabrication of complex tissue engineering constructs. However, the large pore and feature size lead to low cell seeding efficiency and limited control of spatial distribution of cells within the scaffolds. We developed hybrid scaffolds that are composed of 3D printed layers and airbrushed fibrous membranes. Airbrushing time was adjusted to fabricate low (L), medium (M), and high (H) density membranes to effectively control stem cell infiltration. When two distinct populations of stem cells were seeded from top or bottom of the scaffolds, scaffolds composed of LLL membranes showed gradual mixing of the cells with depth whereas LHL membranes led to two distinct regions of cells separated by the H membrane. Our results demonstrate that fibrous membranes incorporated within 3D printed layers enable user-defined and spatially controlled cell compositions within hybrid scaffolds.

scholarly journals Multi-casting approach for vascular networks in cellularized hydrogels

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (125) ◽  
pp. 20160768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander W. Justin ◽  
Roger A. Brooks ◽  
Athina E. Markaki
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Seeding ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Alginate Hydrogel ◽  
Channel Network ◽  
Thermoplastic Material ◽  
Cell Staining ◽  
Complex Architectures ◽  
Immuno Histochemistry ◽  
3D Printed

Vascularization is essential for living tissue and remains a major challenge in the field of tissue engineering. A lack of a perfusable channel network within a large and densely populated tissue engineered construct leads to necrotic core formation, preventing fabrication of functional tissues and organs. We report a new method for producing a hierarchical, three-dimensional (3D) and perfusable vasculature in a large, cellularized fibrin hydrogel. Bifurcating channels, varying in size from 1 mm to 200–250 µm, are formed using a novel process in which we convert a 3D printed thermoplastic material into a gelatin network template, by way of an intermediate alginate hydrogel. This enables a CAD-based model design, which is highly customizable, reproducible, and which can yield highly complex architectures, to be made into a removable material, which can be used in cellular environments. Our approach yields constructs with a uniform and high density of cells in the bulk, made from bioactive collagen and fibrin hydrogels. Using standard cell staining and immuno-histochemistry techniques, we showed good cell seeding and the presence of tight junctions between channel endothelial cells, and high cell viability and cell spreading in the bulk hydrogel.

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