scholarly journals Prevalence of Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis in Coal Mining Counties of the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1209-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Schmajuk ◽  
Laura Trupin ◽  
Edward Yelin ◽  
Paul D. Blanc
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
United States ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Drug prices in Latin American countries: the case of rheumatoid arthritis Biosimilars

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Bittencourt Gonzalez Mosegui ◽  
Fernando Antõnanzas ◽  
Cid Manso de Mello Vianna ◽  
Paula Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Background The objective of this paper is to analyze the prices of biological drugs in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in three Latin American countries (Brazil, Colombia and Mexico), as well as in Spain and the United States of America (US), from the point of market entry of biosimilars. Methods We analyzed products authorized for commercialization in the last 20 years, in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico, comparing them to the United States of America (USA) and Spain. For this analysis, we sought the prices and registries of drugs marketed between 1999 and October 1, 2019, in the regulatory agencies’ databases. The pricing between countries was based on purchasing power parity (PPP). Results The US authorized the commercialization of 13 distinct biologicals and four biosimilars in the period. Spain and Brazil marketed 14 biopharmaceuticals for RA, ten original, four biosimilars. Colombia and Mexico have authorized three biosimilars in addition to the ten biological ones. For biological drug prices, the US is the most expensive country. Spain’s price behavior seems intermediate when compared to the three LA countries. Brazil has the highest LA prices, followed by Mexico and Colombia, which has the lowest prices. Spain has the lowest values in PPP, compared to LA countries, while the US has the highest prices. Conclusion The economic effort that LA countries make to access these medicines is much higher than the US and Spain. The use of the PPP ensured a better understanding of the actual access to these inputs in the countries analyzed.

scholarly journals The Experience of Legal Regulation of Reclamation of the Developed Space by the Leading Countries of Coal Mining

2020 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 02012
Author(s):  
Irina Verchagina ◽  
Irina Kolechkina ◽  
Elena Shustova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
The Us

The article presents the results of a study of the regulatory framework and the experience of regulating the issues of reclamation of the developed space of the leading coal mining countries - the United States and China. The laws of China on mineral resources and environmental protection, the US practice of creating a system for restoring disturbed space as a result of mining, are examined

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