Preworkshop Knowledge of Musculoskeletal Anatomy of Rheumatology Fellows and Rheumatologists of Seven North, Central, and South American Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
José E. Navarro-Zarza ◽  
Cristina Hernández-Díaz ◽  
Miguel A. Saavedra ◽  
José Alvarez-Nemegyei ◽  
Robert A. Kalish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
North Central ◽  
Musculoskeletal Anatomy

scholarly journals Molecular variability in Amerindians: widespread but uneven information

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO M. SALZANO
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
South American ◽  
Chromosome Variation ◽  
North Central ◽  
Molecular Variability ◽  
Present Trend ◽  
Made In

A review was made in relation to the molecular variability present in North, Central, and South American Indian populations. It involved results from ancient DNA, mitochondrial DNA in extant populations, HLA and other autosomal markers, X and Y chromosome variation, as well as data from parasitic viruses which could show coevolutionary changes. The questions considered were their origin, ways in which the early colonization of the continent took place, types and levels of the variability which developed, peculiarities of the Amerindian evolutionary processes, and eventual genetic heterogeneity which evolved in different geographical areas. Although much information is already available, it is highly heterogeneous in relation to populations and types of genetic systems investigated. Unfortunately, the present trend of favoring essentially applied research suggest that the situation will not basically improve in the future.

scholarly journals Incontinentia pigmenti: A propósito de un caso.

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tori Tori Carlos ◽  
Enriqueta Villar De Cipriani ◽  
Javier Arias Stella ◽  
Carmen Avalos
Keyword(s):  
Skin Eruption ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Incontinentia Pigmenti ◽  
South American ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Superficial Dermis

Incontinentia Pigmenti is a rare X-linked multisystem neuroectodermic disorder with signs and symptoms related mainly to the dermatologic, dental, ocular and central nervous systems, and characterized by death in the majority of male embryos. Affected children do not appear sick, in spite of the skin eruption, the peripheral leucocytosis and marked eosinophilia. Most of the cases are reported in caucasians, although there are description in black children, orientals, north central and south american Indians, and in our mestizos. The name of Incontinentia Pigmenti describes the incontinence of the melanin pigment from the basal layer of the epidemermis into the superficial dermis.

scholarly journals A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20180843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Bona ◽  
Martín D. Ezcurra ◽  
Francisco Barrios ◽  
María V. Fernandez Blanco
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
South American ◽  
North Central ◽  
Skull Roof ◽  
History Of ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
North And South America

Caimanines are crocodylians currently restricted to South and Central America and the oldest members are from lower Palaeocene localities of the Salamanca Formation (Chubut Province, Argentina). We report here a new caimanine from this same unit represented by a skull roof and partial braincase. Its phylogenetic relationships were explored in a cladistic analysis using standard characters and a morphogeometric two-dimensional configuration of the skull roof. The phylogenetic results were used for an event-based supermodel quantitative palaeobiogeographic analysis. The new species is recovered as the most basal member of the South American caimanines, and the Cretaceous North American lineage ‘ Brachychampsa and related forms' as the most basal Caimaninae. The biogeographic results estimated north-central North America as the ancestral area of Caimaninae, showing that the Cretaceous and Palaeocene species of the group were more widespread than thought and became regionally extinct in North America around the Cretaceous–Palaeocene boundary. A dispersal event from north-central North America during the middle Late Cretaceous explains the arrival of the group to South America. The Palaeogene assemblage of Patagonian crocodylians is composed of three lineages of caimanines as a consequence of independent dispersal events that occurred between North and South America and within South America around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary.

scholarly journals Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of the South American Ovenbird Genus Cinclodes

The Auk ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 752-766
Author(s):  
R. Terry Chesser
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
South American ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Genus 2 ◽  
Complete Sequences ◽  
Pacific Species

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cinclodes, a group of South American furnariids, were studied using complete sequences of the mitochondrial genes COII and ND3. The 13 species of Cinclodes formed a monophyletic group consisting of three major lineages: (1) the southeastern Brazilian isolate C. pabsti, which was sister to the rest of the genus; (2) a clade of five primarily Patagonian or central Argentine highlands species; and (3) a clade of seven primarily north-central Andean or Pacific species. Biogeographic structure in the Patagonian-Andean taxa was consistent with the deep Patagonian and north-central Andean division previously noted in the similarly distributed genus Muscisaxicola. Evolutionary relationships among Cinclodes species were partially consistent with expectations based on plumage, behavior, and ecology. The phenotypically distinctive C. antarcticus was found to be sister to the widespread C. fuscus in the primarily Patagonian-Argentine clade, and the distinctive C. palliatus to be sister to C. atacamensis in the high Andean-Pacific clade. The central Argentine isolates C. comechingonus and C. olrogi formed a clade with C. oustaleti (olrogi sister to oustaleti, and comechingonus sister to those two) within the Patagonian-Argentine clade. The Pacific marine specialists C. nigrofumosus and C. taczanowskii were sisters within the Andean-Pacific clade and were distantly related to the southern maritime species C. antarcticus. Thus, marine ecological specialization apparently evolved twice within Cinclodes; behavioral and ecological data also support the nonhomology of the two character states. The two exclusively Pacific species were positionally apomorphic within the Andean-Pacific clade; ancestral area analysis indicated that the high Andes were the most likely area of origin for this clade, and that the Pacific coast was occupied secondarily.

scholarly journals The political ecology of late South American pastoralism: an Andean perspective A.D. 1,000-1,615

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Grant ◽  
Kevin Lane
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
South American ◽  
North Central ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Settlement Location ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Agency And Structure

Prehispanic South American pastoralism has a long and rich, though often understudied, trajectory. In this paper, we analyze the transition from a generalized to a specialized pastoralism at two geographical locations in the Andes: Antofagasta de la Sierra, Southern Argentina Puna, and the Ancash Highlands, Peruvian North-central Puna. Although at opposite ends of the Andes this herding specialization commences during the same moment in time, A.D. 600-1,000, suggesting that a similar process was at work in both areas. Moreover, this was a process that was irrevocably tied to the coeval development of specialized highland agriculture. From a perspective of political ecology and structuration theory we emphasis the time-depth and importance that Andean pastoralism had in shaping highland landscapes. Taking into consideration risk-management theory, ecology and environment as crucial factors in the development of a specialized pastoralism we nevertheless emphasis the importance of the underlying human decisions that drove this process. Based broadly within the field of political ecology we therefore emphasize how human agency and structure impacted on these landscapes, society and animal husbandry. Our article covers such aspects as the human and animal use of resource areas, settlement location, herding patterns, selective breeding, and human-induced alterations to pasturage.Keywords: Andes, pastoralism, political ecology, Southern Andes, Central Andes

scholarly journals Taxonomic innovations in South American Selaginella (Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiophyta): description of five new species and an additional range extension

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 71-113
Author(s):  
Iván A. Valdespino
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
South American ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Conservation Assessment ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Stem Type ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

Five Selaginella species (i.e, S. gioiae, S. papillosa, S. pubimarginata, S. rostrata, and S. xanthoneura) from Neotropical rainforests of South America are described and illustrated as new, while S. surucucusensis, originally recorded only from Brazil, is redefined to account for species’ morphological characters throughout its expanded distribution range and also a novel illustration is provided for it. Inferred taxonomic affinities and conservation assessment are offered for species here treated. Selaginella gioiae is native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and S. xanthoneura is so far only known in Colombia, whereas S. surucucusensis is now known to occur in Colombia and Venezuela in the north-central part of South America. These three species are included in the “Selaginella flabellata group” based on their habit, stem shape, rhizophores position, and mega- and microspores color, and ornamentation. Selaginella papillosa, S. pubimarginata, and S. rostrata are native to Venezuela. Selaginella papillosa and S. pubimarginata morphologically belong in the “Selaginella deltoides group” based on their habit, stem type, shape of lateral leaves and their indument type distributed on upper surface of the leaf lamina. On the other hand, S. rostrata is considered to be a member of the “Selaginella microdonta group,” which is centered in the Guiana Highlands, based on its habit, stem type, and leaf size and shape, and for which a key to identify species is provided. Finally, all species threated here are classified in subg. Stachygynandrum based on their heteromorphic leaves, mostly quadrangular strobili, and monomorphic sporophylls shape (except for S. rostrata that has slightly dorsiventral and flattened strobili with somewhat heteromorphic sporophylls).

Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Patch Reef ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Biotic Crisis

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).

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