The role of perceptual elaboration and individual differences in the creation of false memories for suggested events

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Drivdahl ◽  
Maria S. Zaragoza
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
False Memories ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Suggested Events

The role of emotional elaboration in the creation of false memories

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Drivdahl ◽  
Maria S. Zaragoza ◽  
Dianne M. Learned
Keyword(s):  
False Memories ◽  
The Creation

Repeated Exposure to Suggestion and the Creation of False Memories

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria S. Zaragoza ◽  
Karen J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Eyewitness Suggestibility ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Video Experiment ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Suggested Events

The purpose of the present study was to extend research on repetition and illusory truth to the domain of eyewitness suggestibility Specifically, we assessed whether repeated exposure to suggestion, relative to a single exposure, facilitates the creation of false memory for suggested events After viewing a video of a burglary, subjects were asked questions containing misleading suggestions, some of which were repeated Their memory for the source of the suggestions was tested The results show that following repeated (relative to a single) exposure to suggestion, subjects were more likely to (a) claim with high confidence that they remembered the suggested events from the video (Experiment 1) and (b) claim that they consciously recollected witnessing the suggested events (Experiment 2) The effects of repeated exposure were highly reliable and were observed over retention intervals as long as 1 week

scholarly journals Working Memory Beats Age: Evidence of the Influence of Working Memory on the Production of Children’s Emotional False Memories

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Mirandola ◽  
Francesca Pazzaglia
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Children First

Emotional valence and working memory ability (WM) affect false memories’ production in adults. Whereas a number of studies have investigated the role of emotional valence in children’s tendency to produce spontaneous false memories, individual differences in WM have not been previously included. In the current article, we were interested in investigating whether emotion and WM would interact in influencing the propensity to incur inferential false memories for scripted events. Ninety-eight typically developing children (first-, third-, and eighth- graders) were administered the Emotional false memory paradigm – allowing to study false memories for negative, positive, and neutral events – and a WM task. Results showed that regardless of age, valence influenced false memories’ production, such that positive events protected against incurring distortions. Furthermore, WM interacted with valence, such that children with higher WM abilities produced fewer false memories for negative events. Concerning confidence judgments, only the youngest group of children claimed to be overconfident when committing false memories for negative and neutral events. Results are discussed in terms of the role of individual differences in higher cognitive abilities interacting with the emotional content of to-be-remembered events.

scholarly journals How Individual Differences in Working Memory and Source Monitoring matter in Susceptibility to False Memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
LaTasha R Holden ◽  
Andrew R. A. Conway ◽  
Kerri A. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Word List ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Goal Maintenance

Using the DRM word list paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995) we investigated the role of individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and source monitoring (SM) ability in protection from false memories (FM) in recall and recognition. Both spreading activation and monitoring are cognitive processes associated with working memory (Anderson, 1983; Cantor & Engle, 1993), and previous research demonstrates working memory’s relation to goal maintenance (Kane & Engle, 2003) and importance for withholding irrelevant information (Conway & Engle, 1994). However, whether higher WMC constitutes activation or monitoring and predicts increased or decreased FM production respectively, remains inconclusive (Watson et al., 2005; Peters et al., 2007; Bixter & Daniel, 2013). When considering SM ability, a relationship has been found between WMC and FM in recall, suggesting that SM mediates this relation (Unsworth & Brewer, 2010). Other work suggests that SM and WMC interact based on the role of memory monitoring in constraining task irrelevant information (Rose, 2013; Lilienthal et al., 2015). From an activation-monitoring perspective (Gallo, 2010), we investigated individual differences in WMC and SM predicting FM in recall and recognition, testing whether the relationships are additive or interactive. Our findings support moderation, suggesting that when SM ability is too high, working memory cannot work as well to monitor and constrain activation in order to reduce FM. Only when WMC was higher and SM was lower did we show a predicted decrease in FM during recognition. This work suggests that protecting mental resources in WMC is more important for constraining FM production than SM ability and we consider the implications for real world false memories and eyewitness testimony.

Suggestions in Court

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-186
Author(s):  
Brian H. Bornstein ◽  
Jeffrey S. Neuschatz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Clinical Case Study ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Posthypnotic Suggestion

Although Münsterberg introduces this chapter with a clinical case study involving posthypnotic suggestion, the focus is on suggestibility and reconstructive memory processes broadly, including the role of individual differences (e.g., age, gender) and alcohol intoxication, which he supports with both experimental evidence and anecdotal observation. The documentation of suggestibility effects is one of the most significant contributions of modern research on eyewitness memory and has yielded important, now widely used, experimental approaches. False memories, in today’s parlance, are essentially the same as what Münsterberg calls pseudo-memories, and they have been demonstrated in a variety of situations and shown to have behavioral consequences. Consistent with Münsterberg’s impression, individual differences in suggestibility are key, especially age differences, with children and elderly adults both being more suggestible than young adults. The present chapter reviews experimental research on suggestibility, with the exception of hypnosis, to be treated in the next chapter.

scholarly journals Differentiating True and False Schematic Memories in Older Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina E Webb ◽  
Nancy A Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Related Information

Abstract Objective While schemas aid memory for schematically related information, the gist induced by the schema can also lead to high rates of false memories, especially in older adults. The neural mechanisms that support and differentiate true and false memories in aging are not well understood. The current study sought to clarify this, using a novel scene paradigm to investigate the role of schemas on true and false memories in older adults. Methods Healthy older adults encoded schematic scenes (e.g., bathroom). At retrieval, participants were tested on their memory for both schematic and nonschematic targets and lures while functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected. Results Results indicate that true memories were supported by the typical retrieval network, and activity in this network was greater for true than false memories. Schema specific retrieval was supported by medial prefrontal cortex, extending this common finding to aging. While no region differentiated false memories compared to correct rejections, results showed that individual differences in false memory rates were associated with variability in neural activity. Discussion The findings underscore the importance of elucidating the neural basis of cognition within older adults, as well as the specific contribution of individual differences to the neural basis of memory errors in aging.

scholarly journals The impact of ego-involvement in the creation of false childhood memories

Psihologija ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Zezelj ◽  
Sofija Pajic ◽  
Neda Omanovic ◽  
Jasmina Ninkovic ◽  
Julija Grcic
Keyword(s):  
False Memories ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood Memories ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
Ego Involvement ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Suggested Events

An experiment employed a 'familiar-informant false-narrative procedure' to examine the effects of ego involvement manipulation on the creation of false memories for suggested events. Our main sample consisted of 54 Serbian adolescent students. During the pre-testing stage, students' parents (N=54) provided details from their children childhoods, which were used to create stimuli for the subsequent stages. Half of the participants were given an ego-involving suggestion- a short written statement that claimed that people with higher intelligence have a better and more detailed memory of their childhood. We hypothesized that ego-involved group would recollect more childhood events in general, create more false memories and be more confident in its' authenticity and clarity. Implanted event was recognized as autobiographic by 24% respondents in the testing stage and by 44.4% respondents in the retesting stage. There were significant qualitative differences between authentic and false memories: authentic memories were assessed as more reliable and clearer than the false ones. Ego-involvement manipulation had no impact on the frequency or quality of false memories reported by the participants. Even though the specific ego-involvement manipulation was not successful, our findings suggest that other motivating strategies we employed pushed the respondents into accepting false memory suggestion in the retesting stage. Future research could benefit from testing more elaborate ego-involving procedures.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

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