Executive Functions in School-age Children: Influence of Age, Gender, School Type and Parental Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geise Machado Jacobsen ◽  
Clarissa Martins de Mello ◽  
Renata Kochhann ◽  
Rochele Paz Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Type ◽  
School Age

scholarly journals Sleep spindle characteristics and sleep architecture are associated with learning of executive functions in school‐age children

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marije C. M. Vermeulen ◽  
Kristiaan B. Van der Heijden ◽  
Hanna Swaab ◽  
Eus J. W. Van Someren
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Sleep Spindle

Abstract MP34: In Praise of Demanding Parenting: The Effects of Parenting Style and Poverty on Obesity Risk in Children: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kakinami ◽  
Tracie Barnett ◽  
Gilles Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Familial Influences

Background: One-quarter of children are already overweight or obese when they enter preschool, underscoring a critical need to improve our understanding of childhood determinants of health, including both sociodemographic (such as poverty) and social-familial influences (such as parenting style), as well as how these determinants may interact with one another. Objective: To examine the effects of parenting style on the risk of obesity in youth and determine if poverty is a mediator or moderator for this association. Methods: Participants (age 0-11) were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), a representative cross-sectional survey of youth collected bi-annually (1994-2008) throughout Canada. Factor analysis identified 4 parenting styles consistent with Baumrind’s theory of authoritative (demanding and responsive), authoritarian (demanding but not responsive), permissive (responsive but not demanding), and negligent (not demanding and not responsive) parenting control prototypes. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the risk of a child being obese (BMI percentile ≥ 97.7 th compared to age- and sex-specific WHO growth curves) based on parenting style after adjusting for age, sex, parental education, immigration status, family functioning score, birth order, and maternal age. Analyses were stratified by age (younger: 2-5 years of age, n=19,026; school-age: 6-11 years of age, n=18,551) due to age-related differences in parenting styles. Mediation or moderation by poverty (household income < low income cut-offs adjusted for household size and geographic region) was assessed. Analyses used sampling and bootstrap weights. Results: Younger children’s parents were primarily authoritative (42%, n=7357), followed by negligent (22%, n=3763), permissive (20%, n=3436), and authoritarian (16%, n=4470). Parenting styles in school-age children were similar (authoritative: 32%, n=7195, negligent: 31%, n=5586, permissive: 22%, n=3850, authoritarian: 15%, n=1920). In multivariable analyses, compared to authoritative parenting, younger and school-age children with authoritarian parents were 30% (95% CI: 1.1-1.5, p=0.0002) and 37% (CI: 1.1-1.7, p=0.006) more likely to be obese, respectively. In younger children, poverty moderated this association: authoritarian and negligent parenting was associated with 39% (CI: 1.2-1.6, p<0.0001) and 28% (CI: 1.1-1.5, p=0.002) increased risk of obesity, respectively, only among the children not living in poverty. In school-age children, poverty was not a mediator or moderator. Conclusions: Parenting style is associated with a child’s risk of obesity but is moderated by poverty in younger children. Successful strategies to combat childhood obesity need to reflect the independent and interactive effects of sociodemographic and social-familial influences on health especially in early childhood.

scholarly journals 10-Year Changes in Adiposity in Cameroon School-Age Children: Evidence for Increasing Central Adiposity and Higher Adiposity Levels in Tallest-for-Age Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Lifoter K. Navti ◽  
Brice U. S. Foudjo
Keyword(s):  
School Age Children ◽  
School Type ◽  
School Age ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Fourth Quartile

Objective. To examine changes in measures of adiposity and determine the prevalence of excess adiposity in relation to height in school children between 2010 and 2020. Methods. 5–12-year-old urban school-age children participated in two cross-sectional surveys in 2010 (n = 1274) and 2020 (n = 1550). Standard procedures were used for anthropometric measurements. Changes in BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the corresponding proportions of children with excess adiposity were analyzed and adjusted for design variables (class and school type) and age. Children were classified according to quartiles of height z-score and prevalence of excess adiposity estimated across each quartile. Results. There was a 2.4% and 3.3% increase in adjusted mean BMI and WC, respectively, between 2010 and 2020. The prevalence of central overweight/obesity (WC) and WHtR ≥ 0.5 increased by 7.3% (X2 = 27.151, p < 0.001 ) and 5.3% (X2 = 26.117, p < 0.001 ), respectively, between the two surveys except BMI overweight/obesity. The odds of excess adiposity significantly increased in 2020 for central overweight/obesity (WC) (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0–3.6) and WHtR ≥ 0.5 (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.4) and not for BMI overweight/obesity (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.8–1.7). The prevalence of BMI overweight/obesity significantly increased from 33% in 2010 to 51.5% in 2020 in the fourth quartile of height z-score (X2 = 19.198, p < 0.001 ). Similarly, the prevalence of central overweight/obesity (WC) significantly increased from 23.5% in 2010 to 42.4% in 2020 in the fourth quartile of height z-score (X2 = 18.733, p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Central overweight/obesity has increased more than BMI overweight/obesity over the last decade. Children with a higher height-for-age tend to accumulate more adiposity. Objective monitoring of adiposity levels and height of children is needed in future to identify groups for targeted intervention and prevention of chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Peers Matter: Links Between Classmates’ and Individual Students’ Executive Functions in Elementary School

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 233285841982943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna E. Finch ◽  
Elisa B. Garcia ◽  
Michael J. Sulik ◽  
Jelena Obradović
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
School Success ◽  
School Context ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Year

Students’ executive functions (EFs) are linked to school success. Although school-age children spend much of their time interacting with peers, few studies have explored how children’s classmates may promote EF development in elementary school. In this study, we test whether mean levels and variability in classmates’ EF skills are associated with growth in individual students’ accuracy and speed on EF tasks among third, fourth, and fifth graders (N = 806). We find that classmates’ speed, but not accuracy, on EF tasks is linked to significant improvements in individual students’ EFs over the school year. Classmates’ average EFs, as indexed by faster accurate responses on EF tasks, are associated with improvements in individual students’ speed on EF tasks. These results were robust to the inclusion of individual students’ general processing speed. In contrast, variability in classmates’ accuracy and speed on EF tasks was not associated with individual students’ EF growth. Our results highlight the role of peers and the school context for EF development in middle childhood.

scholarly journals Inter-Parental Agreement and Discrepancy on ADHD Core Symptoms and Externalizing Problems Among School-Age Children with ADHD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazaleh Zargarinejad ◽  
◽  
Saeed Ebadi Zare ◽  
Banafsheh Gharraee ◽  
Asma Aghebati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Multiple Informants ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Core Symptoms

Objectives: Inter-parental correspondence and discrepancy of childrenchr('39')s core symptoms and related externalizing problems in ADHD school-age children have clinical implications in the diagnosis of ADHD. This study aimed to examine mother–father agreement and discrepancy on ratings of hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, behavior problems, and emotion dysregulation in their offspring. Methods: Parents separately assessed 51 ADHD children aged 6 to 10 years using the SNAP-IV rating scale, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, and Emotion Regulation Checklist. Results: Parents had a moderate agreement on all scales/subscales except on emotion dysregulation which was in the range of fair agreement. Mothers rated higher than fathers in all areas except inattention. Motherchr('39')s parenting stress and parental education level could predict parental discrepancy. Conclusions: Mother-father discrepancy is clinically significant and clinicians should take it to account when interpreting results of rating scales in ADHD children. multiple informants are suggested in using rating scales in ADHD assessment.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Executive Functions and Prospective Memory in Primary School-Age Children with Symptoms of Subthreshold ADHD

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-67
Author(s):  
I.V. Zapesotskaya ◽  
Z.V. Chuikova
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Age ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Primary School Age

The article presents results of the research of relations between executive functions and prospective memory in primary school-age children with symptoms of subthreshold attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD). The ADHD Assessment Scale ― ICD-10 criteria (Sukhotina, 2008) and Observation Form for Recording ADHD Behaviors During Academic Performance in the Clinic or in School) (Carter, 1994) were used to assess the symptoms of ADHD. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Wisconsin Sorting Card Test (Grant &amp; Berg, 1948), Сanum (Gutierrez-Martinez, 2018), Вlock span (Isaacs, Vargha-Khadem, 1989), Digit span-backward (Wechsler, 1997), and measurement by Ana B. Cejudo (Cejudo, 2019). 51 children were recruited, 27 subjects were 6–7 years old and 24 subjects were 10 years old. All participants were divided into 2 control groups (children with typical development) and 2 experimental groups (children with symptoms of subthreshold ADHD). Overall, it was found that children in the group of 6–7 years old with symptoms of subthreshold ADHD have no significant differences with children from the control group in basal components of executive function: working memory, cognitive flexibility and executive attention. However, they show a decrease in learning abilities, self-regulation and an increase of non-perseverative errors along with the fall of event-based prospective memory. Children in the group of 10 years old with symptoms of subthreshold ADHD also showed the fall of learning abilities and prospective memory. The results of correlation analysis show that subjects with symptoms of subthreshold ADHD have changes in the systemic ― functional level which appear as a decreasing amount of links between executive functions and features of prospective memory.

scholarly journals Regional and socio-economic differences in food, nutrient and supplement intake in school-age children in Germany: results from the GINIplus and the LISAplus studies

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1724-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Sausenthaler ◽  
Marie Standl ◽  
Anette Buyken ◽  
Peter Rzehak ◽  
Sibylle Koletzko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Equivalent Income ◽  
Parental Educational Level ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Supplement Intake

AbstractObjectiveTo describe regional differences between eastern and western Germany with regard to food, nutrient and supplement intake in 9–12-year-old children, and analyse its association with parental education and equivalent income.DesignData were obtained from the 10-year follow-up of the two prospective birth cohort studies – GINIplus and LISAplus. Data on food consumption and supplement intake were collected using an FFQ, which had been designed for the specific study population. Information on parental educational level and equivalent income was derived from questionnaires. Logistic regression modelling was used to analyse the effect of parental education, equivalent income and region on food intake, after adjusting for potential confounders.SettingGermany.SubjectsA total of 3435 children aged 9–12 years.ResultsSubstantial regional differences in food intake were observed between eastern and western Germany. Intakes of bread, butter, eggs, pasta, vegetables/salad and fruit showed a significant direct relationship with the level of parental education after adjusting for potential confounders, whereas intakes of margarine, meat products, pizza, desserts and soft drinks were inversely associated with parental education. Equivalent income had a weaker influence on the child's food intake.ConclusionsNutritional education programmes for school-age children should therefore account for regional differences and parental education.

1891 – Apply eye-tracking research in diagnosing the level of executive functions in preschool and early-school age children

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
A. Orylska ◽  
E. Racicka ◽  
A. Brzezicka ◽  
T. Wolańczy ◽  
D. Karwowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Early School ◽  
Early School Age
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