Cellular and Molecular Basis of Functional Differences among Fat Depots

2010 ◽  
pp. 21-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Thomou ◽  
Tamara Tchkonia ◽  
James L. Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Functional Differences

Molecular Basis for Functional Differences of AMPA-Subtype Glutamate Receptors

Physiology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ozawa ◽  
J Rossier
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Ampa Receptors ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Inward Rectification ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Reaction Amplification ◽  
Polymerase Chain

To trace the molecular basis of functional properties of native a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, we have coupled patch-clamp recordings and reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification. AMPA receptors lacking the GluR2 subunit in a population of hippocampal neurons exhibited a strong inward rectification and were highly permeable to Ca2+.

scholarly journals Gene expression identifies metabolic and functional differences between intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocytes in cattle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas James Hudson ◽  
Antonio Reverter ◽  
William J. Griffiths ◽  
Eylan Yutuc ◽  
Yuqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
Rate Limiting

Abstract Background This study used a genome-wide screen of gene expression to better understand the metabolic and functional differences between commercially valuable intramuscular fat (IMF) and commercially wasteful subcutaneous (SC) fat depots in Bos taurus beef cattle.Results We confirmed many findings previously made at the biochemical level and made new discoveries. The fundamental lipogenic machinery, such as ACACA and FASN encoding the rate limiting Acetyl CoA carboxylase and Fatty Acid synthase were expressed at 1.6-1.8 fold lower levels in IMF, consistent with previous findings. The FA elongation pathway including the rate limiting ELOVL6 was also coordinately downregulated in IMF compared to SC as expected. A 2-fold lower expression in IMF of ACSS2 encoding Acetyl Coenzyme A synthetase is consistent with utilisation of less acetate for lipogenesis in IMF compared to SC as previously determined using radioisotope incorporation. Reduced saturation of fat in the SC depot is reflected by 2.4 fold higher expression of the SCD gene encoding the Δ9 desaturase enzyme. Surprisingly, CH25H encoding the cholesterol 25 hydroxylase enzyme was ~36 fold upregulated in IMF compared to SC. Moreover, its expression in whole muscle tissue appears representative of the proportional representation of bovine marbling adipocytes. This suite of observations prompted quantification of a set of oxysterols (oxidised forms of cholesterol) in the plasma of 8 cattle exhibiting varying IMF. Using LC-MS we found the levels of several oxysterols were significantly associated with multiple marbling measurements across the musculature, but (with just one exception) no other carcass phenotypes.Conclusions These data build on our molecular understanding of ruminant fat depot biology and suggest oxysterols represent a promising circulating biomarker for cattle marbling.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis of the Functional Differences between Soluble Human Versus Murine MD-2: Role of Val135 in Transfer of Lipopolysaccharide from CD14 to MD-2

2016 ◽  
Vol 196 (5) ◽  
pp. 2309-2318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jožica Vašl ◽  
Alja Oblak ◽  
Tina T. Peternelj ◽  
Javier Klett ◽  
Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Functional Differences

scholarly journals Gene expression identifies metabolic and functional differences between intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocytes in cattle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas James Hudson ◽  
Antonio Reverter ◽  
William J. Griffiths ◽  
Eylan Yutuc ◽  
Yuqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
Rate Limiting

Abstract Background This study used a genome-wide screen of gene expression to better understand the metabolic and functional differences between commercially valuable intramuscular fat (IMF) and commercially wasteful subcutaneous (SC) fat depots in Bos taurus beef cattle.Results We confirmed many findings previously made at the biochemical level and made new discoveries. The fundamental lipogenic machinery, such as ACACA and FASN encoding the rate limiting Acetyl CoA carboxylase and Fatty Acid synthase were expressed at 1.6-1.8 fold lower levels in IMF, consistent with previous findings. The FA elongation pathway including the rate limiting ELOVL6 was also coordinately downregulated in IMF compared to SC as expected. A 2-fold lower expression in IMF of ACSS2 encoding Acetyl Coenzyme A synthetase is consistent with utilisation of less acetate for lipogenesis in IMF compared to SC as previously determined using radioisotope incorporation. Reduced saturation of fat in the SC depot is reflected by 2.4 fold higher expression of the SCD gene encoding the Δ9 desaturase enzyme. Surprisingly, CH25H encoding the cholesterol 25 hydroxylase enzyme was ~36 fold upregulated in IMF compared to SC. Moreover, its expression in whole muscle tissue appears representative of the proportional representation of bovine marbling adipocytes. This suite of observations prompted quantification of a set of oxysterols (oxidised forms of cholesterol) in the plasma of 8 cattle exhibiting varying IMF. Using LC-MS we found the levels of several oxysterols were significantly associated with multiple marbling measurements across the musculature, but (with just one exception) no other carcass phenotypes.Conclusions These data build on our molecular understanding of ruminant fat depot biology and suggest oxysterols represent a promising circulating biomarker for cattle marbling.

scholarly journals Distinct mechanoreceptor pezo-1 isoforms modulate food intake in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiley J Hughes ◽  
Ashka Shah ◽  
Xiaofei Bai ◽  
Jessica Adams ◽  
Rosemary Bauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Differential Pattern ◽  
Sensory Processes

Two PIEZO mechanosensitive cation channels, PIEZO1 and PIEZO2, have been identified in mammals, where they are involved in numerous sensory processes. While structurally similar, PIEZO channels are expressed in distinct tissues and exhibit unique properties. How different PIEZOs transduce force, how their transduction mechanism varies, and how their unique properties match the functional needs of the distinct tissues where they are expressed remain all-important unanswered questions. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a single PIEZO ortholog (pezo-1) predicted to have twelve isoforms. These isoforms share many transmembrane domains, but differ in those that distinguish PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 in mammals. Here we use translational and transcriptional reporters to show that long pezo-1 isoforms are selectively expressed in mesodermally derived tissues (such as muscle and glands). In contrast, shorter pezo-1 isoforms are primarily expressed in neurons. In the digestive system, different pezo-1 isoforms appear to be expressed in different cells of the same organ. We show that pharyngeal muscles, glands, and valve rely on long pezo-1 isoforms to respond appropriately to the presence of food. The unique pattern of complementary expression of pezo-1 isoforms suggest that different isoforms possess distinct functions. The number of pezo-1 isoforms in C. elegans, their differential pattern of expression, and their roles in experimentally tractable processes make this an attractive system to investigate the molecular basis for functional differences between members of the PIEZO family of mechanoreceptors.

Renilla Bioluminescence: A Morphologic Approach to the Location of Photocytes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Ben O. Spurlock ◽  
Milton J. Cormier
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Chemical Basis ◽  
Electronic Excited State ◽  
Colonial Form ◽  
The Common ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Catalyzed Oxidation

The phenomenon of bioluminescence has fascinated layman and scientist alike for many centuries. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a number of observations were reported on the physiology of bioluminescence in Renilla, the common sea pansy. More recently biochemists have directed their attention to the molecular basis of luminosity in this colonial form. These studies have centered primarily on defining the chemical basis for bioluminescence and its control. It is now established that bioluminescence in Renilla arises due to the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of luciferin. This results in the creation of a product (oxyluciferin) in an electronic excited state. The transition of oxyluciferin from its excited state to the ground state leads to light emission.

An ultrastructural analysis of the sympathetic innervation of the rabbit ear artery and middle cerebral artery and their branches

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 934-935
Author(s):  
John T. Dodge ◽  
John A. Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Rabbit Ear Artery ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Ear Artery ◽  
Rabbit Ear ◽  
Vascular Beds

Unlike many peripheral vascular beds, the sympathetic nervous system exerts little control on cerebral blood flow. The contractile response of isolated rabbit middle cerebral artery (MCA) segments to electrical field stimulation of its intramural nerves is less than in a similar-sized artery from the ear. This study was undertaken to characterize and compare the perivascular neuromuscular relationships and innervation density of similar-sized arteries varying in diameter from these two different regional arterial beds to see if there were structural correlates for these functional differences.

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