Nutrient Management in Organic Farming and Consequences for Direct and Indirect Selection Strategies

2011 ◽  
pp. 15-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Messmer ◽  
Isabell Hildermann ◽  
Kristian Thorup-Kristensen ◽  
Zed Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Selection Strategies

scholarly journals Selection strategies in agronomic characters in progenies F3:4 of transgenic soy RR

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Regina Tiago Carneiro ◽  
Osvaldo Toshiyuki Hamawaki ◽  
Ana Paula Oliveira Nogueira ◽  
Arthur Felipe Eustáquio e Silva ◽  
Raphael Lemes Hamawaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Aggregate Information ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Selection Indexes ◽  
Total Gain ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The selection indexes aggregate information to multiple characters and, with this, they are able to carry out the selection of a set of variables simultaneously. The objective was to verify the genetic potential of agronomic traits and to select soybean F3:4 progenies based on different selection strategies. 123 progenies and the parents were sown in randomized blocks with two replications. The gains of direct selection by the indexes, the sum of “ranks” and the genotype-ideotype were lower for all characters when compared to the gains of direct and indirect selection. The rank sum index stood out for achieving the highest total gain with 37.11%. The index of the genotype-ideotype obtained a lower gain (-0.48%) for the character number of days for flowering compared to the sum index of “ranks” (-0.54%) and reached a negative gain for the attribute insertion height of the first pod with -1.82%. The genetic potential of the F3:4 population is high and allows different selection strategies to be applied to reach superior genotypes. The progenies UFU 72, UFU 116, UFU 86, UFU 45, UFU 117, UFU 56, UFU 5, UFU 106, UFU 6, UFU 4, UFU 73, UFU 101, UFU 96, UFU 90, UFU 123, UFU 116, UFU 88, UFU 65, UFU 70, UFU 3, UFU 69 and UFU 37 were selected by both selection indexes. The UFU 72, UFU 90, UFU 88 and UFU 69 progenies are agronomically superior both in direct and indirect selection, as in Mulamba and Mock (1978) sum of “ranks” selections and genotype-ideotype.

Nutrient balances and nutrient availability of organic cash crop farms in Austria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juergen K. Friedel ◽  
Anne Leonhard ◽  
Christopher Schöpf
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Phosphorus Availability ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Nutrient Balances ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Class B ◽  
Class C

<p>For stockless organic farms an adequate nutrient supply is in many ways a challenge. In order to assess the nutrient management of Austrian organic stockless farms, farm gate-balances for nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus of 15 organic stockless farms located in Austria’s main arable production areas were calculated. Two of the farms were located in Wald- und Mühlviertel (Northern Upper and Lower Austria), two in the Carinthian Basin (Carinthia), two in the Pre-alpine Region (Southern Upper and Lower Austria), two in the South-Eastern Lowlands (Eastern Styria and Burgenland), four in the Marchfeld region (Eastern Lower Austria) and three in the Weinviertel (North-Eastern Lower Austria). The farms were managed according to organic farming guidelines for at least five years at the time of assessment. Nutrient balances were calculated over a period of five years, subtracting all farm outputs (nutrients in sold products) from all farm inputs (seeds and fertilizers, biological N fixation). Yields were assessed in questionnaires from the farmers, nutrient contents were taken from standardized tables.</p><p>Nitrogen balances (n = 14 farms) were -14.6 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> on average, ranging from -61 to +34 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Nitrogen balances were strongly negative for one farm, slightly negative for 10 farms, even for one farm and slightly positive for 2 farms. Phosphorus balances (n = 15 farms) were -8.3 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> on average, ranging from -23 to -3 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Phosphorus balances were strongly negative for one farm, slightly negative for 12 farms and even for 2 farms. Potassium balances (n = 15 farms) were -15.6 kg K ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> on average, ranging from -31 to -8 kg K ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Potassium balances were slightly negative for 5 farms and even for 10 farms.</p><p>Plant available potassium contents (K<sub>CAL</sub>) on the farm fields ranged from 74 to 378 mg K kg<sup>-1</sup>. Two farms were moderately supplied (class B of the Austrian classification scheme), 10 farms were optimally supplied (class C) and 3 farms were over-supplied (class E). Plant available phosphorus contents (P<sub>CAL</sub>) on the farm fields ranged from 21 to 102 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>. Two farms were classified as undersupplied (class A), 5 farms were moderately supplied (class B) and 8 farms were optimally supplied (class C).</p><p>Potassium availability and potassium balances on the farms were not correlated (r = 0.192, P = 0.899), phosphorus availability and phosphorus balances neither (r = -0.210, P = 0.881). Potassium and phosphorus availability were not significantly correlated to the duration of organic farming as well.</p><p>Stockless organic farms in Austria are very diverse, concerning their production conditions and nutrient management. The results indicate no adverse short-term effects on soil fertility for most of the farms. In the long term though, nutrient management should be improved to secure yields and to ensure the sustainability on organically managed cash crop farms. Meaningful options are e.g. farm partnerships with fodder-manure exchange and the use of recycled fertilizers like struvite. This, however, requires an adjustment of organic farming guidelines.</p>

scholarly journals Integrated Nutrient Management in Rice–Wheat Cropping System: An Evidence on Sustainability in the Indian Subcontinent through Meta-Analysis

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetal Sharma ◽  
Rajeev Padbhushan ◽  
Upendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The Impact

Over years of intensive cultivation and imbalanced fertilizer use, the soils of the Indiansubcontinent have become deficient in several nutrients and are impoverished in organic matter.Recently, this region has started emphasizing a shift from inorganic to organic farming to managesoil health. However, owing to the steadily increasing demands for food by the overgrowingpopulations of this region, a complete shift to an organic farming system is not possible. The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) is in crisis because of falling or static yields. The nations of thisregion have already recognized this problem and have modified farming systems towardintegrated nutrient management (INM) practices. The INM concept aims to design farmingsystems to ensure sustainability by improving soil health, while securing food for the populationby improving crop productivity. Therefore, this paper was synthesized to quantify the impact androle of INM in improving crop productivity and sustainability of the RWCS in the context of theIndian subcontinent through meta-analysis using 338 paired data during the period of 1989–2016.The meta-analysis of the whole data for rice and wheat showed a positive increase in the grainyield of both crops with the use of INM over inorganic fertilizers only (IORA), organic fertilizersonly (ORA), and control (no fertilizers; CO) treatments. The increase in grain yield was significantat p < 0.05 for rice in INM over ORA and CO treatments. For wheat, the increase in grain yield wassignificant at p < 0.05 in INM over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments. The yield differences in theINM treatment over IORA were 0.05 and 0.13 Mg ha−1, respectively, in rice and wheat crops. Thepercent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments were 2.52, 29.2, and90.9, respectively, in loamy soil and 0.60, 24.9, and 93.7, respectively, in clayey soil. The net returnsincreased by 121% (INM vs. CO) in rice, and 9.34% (INM vs. IORA) and 127% (INM vs. CO) inwheat crop. Use of integrated nutrient management had a positive effect on soil properties ascompared to other nutrient management options. Overall, the yield gain and maintenance of soilhealth due to INM practices over other nutrient management practices in RWCS can be a viablenutrient management option in the Indian subcontinent.

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