scholarly journals Travails in the Third Dimension: A Critical Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Geographical Visualization

2008 ◽  
pp. 199-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifan D. H. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

Theory of Electron Diffraction by Crystals

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyozaburo Kambe
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

A general theory of electron diffraction by crystals is developed. The crystals are assumed to be infinitely extended in two dimensions and finite in the third dimension. For the scattering problem by this structure two-dimensionally expanded forms of GREEN’S function and integral equation are at first derived, and combined in single three-dimensional forms. EWALD’S method is applied to sum up the series for GREEN’S function.

scholarly journals New insights into the suitability of the third dimension for visualizing multivariate/multidimensional data: A study based on loss of quality quantification

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Gracia ◽  
Santiago González ◽  
Víctor Robles ◽  
Ernestina Menasalvas ◽  
Tatiana von Landesberger
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Quality Degradation ◽  
Third Dimension

Most visualization techniques have traditionally used two-dimensional, instead of three-dimensional representations to visualize multidimensional and multivariate data. In this article, a way to demonstrate the underlying superiority of three-dimensional, with respect to two-dimensional, representation is proposed. Specifically, it is based on the inevitable quality degradation produced when reducing the data dimensionality. The problem is tackled from two different approaches: a visual and an analytical approach. First, a set of statistical tests (point classification, distance perception, and outlier identification) using the two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization are carried out on a group of 40 users. The results indicate that there is an improvement in the accuracy introduced by the inclusion of a third dimension; however, these results do not allow to obtain definitive conclusions on the superiority of three-dimensional representation. Therefore, in order to draw further conclusions, a deeper study based on an analytical approach is proposed. The aim is to quantify the real loss of quality produced when the data are visualized in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces, in relation to the original data dimensionality, to analyze the difference between them. To achieve this, a recently proposed methodology is used. The results obtained by the analytical approach reported that the loss of quality reaches significantly high values only when switching from three-dimensional to two-dimensional representation. The considerable quality degradation suffered in the two-dimensional visualization strongly suggests the suitability of the third dimension to visualize data.

People Planning by a Fixed Resource Method

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Baird ◽  
Virgil Graf ◽  
Richard Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The Ideal

Results are presented from a new method to determine a person's conception of complex stimuli. In three related experiments Ss expressed their views of ideal organisms by distributing a fixed resource among hypothetical properties of the ideal. The results from the experiments were highly correlated, lending weight to the reliability and generality of the approach. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to group the properties in two dimensions, while the mean amount allocated to a property was represented in the third dimension. A three-dimensional plot was constructed for each of four ideals: the only organism on earth, a member of the only species on earth, an organism going into outer space, and an organism coming to earth from outer space.

Real-Time Soft Shadow Generating in Three-Dimensional Scene

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Lei Xiao ◽  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Xi Long Qu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Complex Scene ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cast Shadow ◽  
Shadow Mapping ◽  
Soft Shadow ◽  
Shadow Map ◽  
Third Dimension

For the sake of improving the third dimension of 3D scenes, we analyze the existent real-time shadow generating algorithms, and improve the Chan’s smoothie soft shadow algorithm, make it based on shadow map, and treat with both the inner and outer penumbra. It not only effectively resolves the problems such as some algorithms can not cast shadow on itself and some are too complex, it also solves the aliasing problems of shadow mapping, and it meet the requirements of real-time in more complex scene. At last, the algorithm is emulated with DirectX, and the experimental results show the feasibility of the algorithm.

Experimental investigation of freely falling thin disks. Part 2. Transition of three-dimensional motion from zigzag to spiral

2013 ◽  
Vol 732 ◽  
pp. 77-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cunbiao Lee ◽  
Zhuang Su ◽  
Hongjie Zhong ◽  
Shiyi Chen ◽  
Mingde Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Reynolds Number ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Kirchhoff Equations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nutation Angle ◽  
Transition Modes ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Thin Disks

AbstractThe free-fall motion of a thin disk with small dimensionless moments of inertia (${I}^{\ast } \lt 1{0}^{- 3} $) was investigated experimentally. The transition from two-dimensional zigzag motion to three-dimensional spiral motion occurs due to the growth of three-dimensional disturbances. Oscillations in the direction normal to the zigzag plane increase with the development of this instability. At the same time, the oscillation of the nutation angle decreases to zero and the angle remains constant. The effects of initial conditions (release angle) were investigated. Two kinds of transition modes, zigzag–spiral transition and zigzag–spiral–zigzag intermittence transition, were observed to be separated by a critical Reynolds number. In addition, the solution of the generalized Kirchhoff equations shows that the small ${I}^{\ast } $ is responsible for the growth of disturbances in the third dimension (perpendicular to the planar motion).

scholarly journals Effect of ROCK Pathway Manipulation on Actin Cytoskeleton Architecture: The Third Dimension

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Grandy ◽  
Fabian Port ◽  
Jonas Pfeil ◽  
Kay-Eberhard Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Actin Organization ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

Abstract The actin cytoskeleton with its dynamic properties serves as the driving force for the movement and division of cells and gives the cell shape and structure. Disorders in the actin cytoskeleton occur in many diseases. Deeper understanding of the regulation is essential in order to better understand these biochemical processes. In our study, we use metal-induced energy transfer (MIET) as a tool to quantitatively examine the rarely considered third dimension of the actin cytoskeleton with nanometer accuracy. In particular, we investigate the influence of different drugs acting on the ROCK pathway on the three-dimensional actin organization. We find that cells treated with inhibitors have a lower actin height to the substrate while treatment with a stimulator for the ROCK pathway increases the actin height to the substrate. This reveals the precise tuning of adhesion and cytoskeleton tension, which leads to a rich three-dimensional structural behaviour of the actin cytoskeleton. This finetuning is differentially affected by either inhibition or stimulation.

scholarly journals Muscling in on the third dimension

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Afshar Bakooshli ◽  
Penney M Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Muscle Disorders ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Disorders

The development of a functional three-dimensional model of human skeletal muscle tissue could accelerate progress towards new and personalized treatments for skeletal muscle disorders.

Eclipse GEF3D: Bringing 3D to Existing 2D Editors

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens von Pilgrim ◽  
Kristian Duske ◽  
Paul McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Software Visualization ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
3D Software

In this paper we present the Eclipse project GEF3D. It is a framework for three-dimensional (3D) editors and editors, based on the widely used two-dimensional (2D) graphical editing framework Eclipse Graphical Editing Framework (GEF). It enhances this framework, enabling programmers to easily implement 3D editors. As an Eclipse plugin GEF3D is seamlessly integrated into the Eclipse integrated development environment, allowing developers to work with one tool for developing and visualizing their software in 3D. The third dimension enables the visualization of more complex relationships than provided by existing two-dimensional representations. In this paper we explain the architecture and certain design patterns of GEF3D in order to give researchers and developers interested in 3D software visualization an overview of how to use GEF3D and the features provided by the framework. We present the results of a usability evaluation, show how GEF3D is applied to embed an existing 2D editor into a 3D editor, and discuss performance issues.

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