Decision Making in Research Policy at the Industrial Level

2008 ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
A. E. Pannenborg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Industrial Level

scholarly journals Animal Research, Accountability, Openness and Public Engagement: Report from an International Expert Forum

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Elisabeth H. Ormandy ◽  
Daniel M. Weary ◽  
Katarina Cvek ◽  
Mark Fisher ◽  
Kathrin Herrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Governance Process ◽  
Research Accountability ◽  
International Experts

In November 2013, a group of international experts in animal research policy (n = 11) gathered in Vancouver, Canada, to discuss openness and accountability in animal research. The primary objective was to bring together participants from various jurisdictions (United States, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Canada and the United Kingdom) to share practices regarding the governance of animals used in research, testing and education, with emphasis on the governance process followed, the methods of community engagement, and the balance of openness versus confidentiality. During the forum, participants came to a broad consensus on the need for: (a) evidence-based metrics to allow a “virtuous feedback” system for evaluation and quality assurance of animal research, (b) the need for increased public access to information, together with opportunities for stakeholder dialogue about animal research, (c) a greater diversity of views to be represented on decision-making committees to allow for greater balance and (d) a standardized and robust ethical decision-making process that incorporates some sort of societal input. These recommendations encourage aspirations beyond merely imparting information and towards a genuine dialogue that represents a shared agenda surrounding laboratory animal use.

The EPA’s Commitment to Children’s Environmental Health: History and Current Challenges

2022 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Marianne Sullivan ◽  
Leif Fredrickson ◽  
Chris Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Children’S Environmental Health

Children’s environmental health (CEH) has a 25-year history at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), during which the agency has advanced CEH through research, policy, and programs that address children’s special vulnerability to environmental harm. However, the Trump administration took many actions that weakened efforts to improve CEH. The actions included downgrading or ignoring CEH concerns in decision-making, defunding research, sidelining the Children’s Health Protection Advisory Committee, and rescinding regulations that were written in part to protect children. To improve CEH, federal environmental statutes should be reviewed to ensure they are sufficiently protective. The administrator should ensure the EPA’s children’s health agenda encompasses the most important current challenges and that there is accountability for improvement. Guidance documents should be reviewed and updated to be protective of CEH and the federal lead strategy refocused on primary prevention. The Office of Children’s Health Protection’s historically low funding and staffing should be remedied. Finally, the EPA should update CEH data systems, reinvigorate the role of the Children’s Health Protection Advisory Committee, and restore funding for CEH research that is aligned with environmental justice and regulatory decision-making needs. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):124–134. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306537 )

The Ethics in Long-Term Care Model: Everyday Ethics and the Unseen Moral Landscape of Assisted Living

2021 ◽  
pp. 073346482110498
Author(s):  
Candace L. Kemp ◽  
Jason Lesandrini ◽  
Jennifer Craft Morgan ◽  
Elisabeth O. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Assisted Living ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Care Partners ◽  
Moral Landscape

Assisted living (AL) communities are long-term care settings where people live, work, and visit, and where social relationships and care, including end-of-life care, are negotiated. Assisted living is fraught with uncertainty and conflict about values, especially given residents’ cognitive and physical frailty. These value-laden issues have implications for both resident and care partners’ experiences. Yet, almost no research has examined ethics in this complex care environment. In this article, we draw on and synthesize existing theory, research, and practice knowledge to offer a conceptual model and discuss case examples that highlight everyday ethical issues in AL. We conceptualize the moral decision-making process and hence the moral landscape of AL, as influenced by a myriad of multi-level factors that shape interpersonal encounters and decision-making involving residents and their care partners, which ultimately shape individuals’ actions and experiences in the setting. We conclude by discussing implications for research, policy, and practice.

scholarly journals Scaling Scientometrics: Dimensions on Google BigQuery as an Infrastructure for Large-Scale Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Hook ◽  
Simon J. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Large Scale Analysis ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Cloud Technologies

Cloud computing has the capacity to transform many parts of the research ecosystem, from particular research areas to overall strategic decision making and policy. Scientometrics sits at the boundary between research and the decision-making, policy-making, and evaluation processes that underpin research. One of the biggest challenges in research policy and strategy is having access to data in a way that allows for analysis that can respond in an iterative way to inform decisions. Many decisions are based on “global” measures such as benchmark metrics that are hard to source and hence are often nonspecific or outdated. The use of cloud technologies may be promising in addressing this area of providing data for research strategy and policy decisions. A novel visualisation technique is introduced and used as a means to explore the potential for scaling scientometrics by democratising both access to data and compute capacity using the cloud.

The Danger of a Single Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
Promise Nduku ◽  
Nkululeko Tshabalala ◽  
Moshidi Putuka ◽  
Zafeer Ravat ◽  
Laurenz Langer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Inform Decision Making ◽  
Effective Translation

This chapter outlines how taking a more systematic approach to developing responsive evidence bases that can inform research, policy, and practice on community health worker (CHW) training in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) supports the provision of more effective and equitable CHW programmes. It also explores methodologies and tools to develop such evidence bases and how these can and have been used to inform decision-making. We argue that by focusing on single primary studies rather than the combined body of evidence, research and practice on the training of CHWs in LMICs is overlooking systemic patterns in the evidence base. Decisions on which types of training programmes to implement in LMICs are often based on single evaluations of programmes conducted out of context or informed by general principles for workplace-based learning. Better matching research and practice needs with the available evidence base will facilitate a more effective translation of knowledge on the training of CHWs into practice and policy decisions.

Development of the Supported Decision Making Inventory System

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karrie A. Shogren ◽  
Michael L. Wehmeyer ◽  
Hatice Uyanik ◽  
Megan Heidrich
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Inventory System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Legal Capacity ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Environmental Demands

Abstract Supported decision making has received increased attention as an alternative to guardianship and a means to enable people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to exercise their right to legal capacity. Assessments are needed that can used by people with disabilities and their systems of supports to identify and plan for needed supports to enable decision making. This article describes the steps taken to develop such an assessment tool, the Supported Decision Making Inventory System (SDMIS), and initial feedback received from self-advocates with intellectual disability. The three sections of the SDMIS (Supported Decision Making Personal Factors Inventory, Supported Decision Making Environmental Demands Inventory, and Decision Making Autonomy Inventory) are described and implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.

The Position of the Child in the Life Experiences of Immigrant Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Study of Service Providers’ Perspectives in Spain

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988993
Author(s):  
Raquel Herrero-Arias ◽  
Gaby Ortiz-Barreda ◽  
Ragnhild Hollekim ◽  
Erica Briones-Vozmediano ◽  
Carmen Vives-Cases
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Abusive Relationship

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern that has serious effects on the well-being of women and their children. Being a mother and an immigrant are critical factors that prevent women from seeking to end an abusive relationship. Evidence suggests that immigrant women see their children’s well-being and future as paramount while managing an abusive relationship. However, less is known about how women negotiate their children’s needs and interests when deciding whether to stay with or leave an abusive partner. Drawing on interviews with IPV service providers in Spain, this study aims to explore providers’ understandings of the position of the child in mothers’ reflections regarding whether to end an abusive relationship and of the implications of such positioning for mothers’ decision-making. The findings indicate that children hold two main positions in this process. In one, children are positioned as a trigger for mothers to stay with abusers. This occurs when women are economically dependent on their partner, when they think that their children need a father figure, or when the abuser plays a role in women’s migratory status within Spain. Second, children are positioned as a trigger for mothers to leave abusers when mothers see children as victims of violence or children in need of a mother figure. Framed by positioning theory, we discuss how we can understand the consequences of such positioning for immigrant women who are survivors of IPV and for service provision in this context. The implications of the findings for research, policy making, and professional decision-making are discussed.

scholarly journals Adolescent Participation in Research, Policies and Guidelines for Chronic Disease Prevention: A Scoping Review Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8257
Author(s):  
Mariam Mandoh ◽  
Seema Mihrshahi ◽  
Hoi Lun Cheng ◽  
Julie Redfern ◽  
Stephanie R. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Adolescent Participation

Adolescents (10–24 years old) account for 23% of the global population. Physical inactivity, suboptimal dietary intake, overweight, and obesity during adolescence are risk factors associated with chronic disease development into adulthood. Research, policies, and guidelines that seek to prevent chronic disease risk factor development rarely engage adolescents in planning and decision-making processes. The aims of this review are to investigate (i) how adolescents currently participate in research, policy, and guidelines for reduction of chronic disease risk factors, and (ii) provide recommendations to optimize adolescent participation in future research, policy, and guideline decision making for chronic disease prevention. A systematic scoping review of the health peer-review research, policy, and guidelines, using Arksey and O’Malley’s six-stage framework, will be conducted. Participatory outcomes will be assessed based on the Lansdown-UNICEF conceptual framework for measuring adolescent participation. Classified as consultative, collaborative, or adolescent-led according to the degree of influence and power adolescents possess in the decision- making processes. Consultation with adolescents via digital surveys and focus groups will provide further information, perspective, and insight. Qualitative data will be analyzed by descriptive numerical summary and qualitative content analytical techniques. The title of this protocol is registered with Joanna Briggs Institute and Open Science Framework, doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/E3S64.

scholarly journals What are the Implications for Public Policy in New Zealand regarding Biochar as a Climate Change Mitigation Tool?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dorothee Quade
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Satisfactory Outcome ◽  
Change Mitigation

<p>The past years have seen biochar appearing on the political radar as a potential greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation tool. Biochar is a charcoal-like substance that is produced from smouldering biomass in oxygen-starved conditions in a kiln. The resulting light and highly porous material can be applied to soil where it has been suggested that it sequesters carbon and increases soil fertility. This research surveys the current scientific understanding of biochar and the institutional framework pertinent to climate change mitigation and potential future biochar deployment in NZ. This is complemented by empirical data, gathered via semi-structured interviews and online surveys. The stakeholder groups determined for the purpose of this study are agriculture (with an emphasis on organic agriculture), forestry and wood processing, bioenergy/biochar businesses, research institutions and government agencies. There is no recognition of biochar in international compliance carbon markets at present and the debate about biochar's future inclusion is ongoing. Biochar performance in soils is highly variable depending on feedstock, manufacturing conditions, soil type and climate to name a few. Scientific uncertainties are related to the permanence of carbon storage in biochar, its agronomic benefits when applied to soil and its life cycle performance in terms of greenhouse gases and energy. While research into a more detailed understanding of biochar is underway, there is still a lack of large-scale and long-term field trials both internationally and domestically. In this context, public policy is faced with decision-making under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Theory suggests some guidance in the form of environmental policy principles such as the sustainability and Precautionary Principles. General policy criteria, including effectiveness, efficiency, equity, compliance with international obligations and political and social acceptability, as well as innovation theory are also proposed as a theoretical framework against which to assess the viability of biochar in a NZ setting. Results suggest that biochar deployment in NZ may be a boutique solution for niche applications rather than a large-scale commercial opportunity. Biochar research in NZ is nascent, yet future policy decision-making depends on its outcomes to assess the merits of biochar for NZ. If biochar technology is to be diffused in NZ, policy will need to carefully craft legislation and incentive structures so as to ensure a sustainable pathway. Various stakeholder groups need to be consulted throughout the decision-making process. Transparency is key to building trust and understanding about the potentials and pitfalls of biochar deployment in NZ. A public debate and continuous dialogue between the research, policy, practitioners and other communities is required to achieve a mutually satisfactory outcome.</p>

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