scholarly journals A Subsolidus Olivine Water Solubility Equation for the Earth's Upper Mantle

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 9862-9880 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Padrón-Navarta ◽  
J. Hermann
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Solubility Equation

CO 2 Induced a Small Water Solubility in Orthopyroxene and Its Implications for Water Storage in the Upper Mantle

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinzhuan Guo ◽  
Jiayuan Bai ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Xiang Wu ◽  
Xingfan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Small Water

Water in the Earth's mantle

2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bolfan-Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Mantle Minerals ◽  
Seismic Properties ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Earth’S Mantle ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Ocean Ridge

AbstractWater plays an important role in most processes within the Earth's mantle, e.g. transport phenomena, differentiation and seismic properties. This paper reviews the various aspects of water in the mantle, with a special emphasis on the water content in nominally anhydrous minerals, especially lower-mantle minerals. The saturation of the upper mantle with respect to water is calculated as a function of pressure, based on available water-solubility data obtained for upper-mantle minerals. The result indicates that the upper mantle is saturated at pressures between 2 and 4 GPa for bulk water contents of 250 to 700 ppm wt., as retrieved from measurements on mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean island basalts (OIBs). Whereas up to 4000 ppm wt. of H2O could be dissolved in the upper mantle at pressures corresponding to 410 km depth, such a value is less than the 1.5–2.5 wt.% solubility stored in the hydrous phases of the transition zone. Water solubility in mantle perovskite is still controversial, because of the difficulty of synthesizing samples free of impurities. Reported data indicate that water solubility in perovskite decreases with increasing temperature and Al content. Water partitions preferentially into ferropericlase rather than into perovskite, and its water solubility increases with the incorporation of trivalent cations.

ANALISIS FISIKA KIMIA DARI KERANG DARA (Anadara granosa) YANG BERASAL DARI KAYUTANYO KAB. BANGGAI The Analysis of physical chemical from dara shells (Anadara granosa) origin from Kayutanyo, Kab.Banggai

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SULASMI ANGGO
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Dust Content ◽  
Total Dust ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Anadara Granosa

The Analysis of physical chemical from dara shells (Anadara granosa) origin from Kayutanyo, kab. Banggai, has been conducted.Dara shell meat is sleaned and dried and after that powered with blender. Determine % rendement, water bonding capacity and index water solubility with Anderson method, coarse fat content with gravimetric method and carbohydrate method with “bye difference” decrease method.The result of analysis showed rendement value is 24,35%, water bonding capacity is 1,6248 gram/ml, index water solubility is 0,202 gram/ml, water content is 79,0045%, total dust content is 1,072%, coarse protein content is 2,25%, coarse fat content is 8,47%, carbohydrate content is 9,2035%. Keyword : Dara shells, (Anadara granosa), analysis physical chemical

Investigating the influence of aromatic moieties on the formulation of hydrophobic natural products and drugs in poly(2-oxazoline) based amphiphiles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Luxenhofer ◽  
Michael M Lübtow ◽  
Lukas Hahn ◽  
Thomas Lorson ◽  
Rainer Schobert
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
High Drug ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Amorphous Structures ◽  
High Drug Loading

Many natural compounds with interesting biomedical properties share one physicochemical property, namely a low water solubility. Polymer micelles are, among others, a popular means to solubilize hydrophobic compounds. The specific molecular interactions between the polymers and the hydrophobic drugs are diverse and recently it has been discussed that macromolecular engineering can be used to optimize drug loaded micelles. Specifically, π-π stacking between small molecules and polymers has been discussed as an important interaction that can be employed to increase drug loading and formulation stability. Here, we test this hypothesis using four different polymer amphiphiles with varying aromatic content and various natural products that also contain different relative amounts of aromatic moieties. While in the case of paclitaxel, having the lowest relative content of aromatic moieties, the drug loading decreases with increasing relative aromatic amount in the polymer, the drug loading of curcumin, having a much higher relative aromatic content, is increased. Interestingly, the loading using schizandrin A, a dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctadiene lignan with intermediate relative aromatic content is not influenced significantly by the aromatic content of the polymers employed. The very high drug loading, long term stability, the ability to form stable highly loaded binary coformulations in different drug combinations, small sized formulations and amorphous structures in all cases, corroborate earlier reports that poly(2-oxazoline) based micelles exhibit an extraordinarily high drug loading and are promising candidates for further biomedical applications. The presented results underline that the interaction between the polymers and the incorporated small molecules are complex and must be investigated in every specific case.<br>

Water Gas May Not Shift in Deep Earth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nore Stolte ◽  
Junting Yu ◽  
Zixin Chen ◽  
Dimitri A. Sverjensky ◽  
Ding Pan
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Free Energy Calculations ◽  
Water Gas Shift ◽  
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Water Gas Shift Reaction ◽  
Carbon Carrier ◽  
Deep Earth ◽  
Shift Reaction ◽  
Water Gas

The water-gas shift reaction is a key reaction in Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis, which is widely believed to generate hydrocarbons in the deep carbon cycle, but is little known at extreme pressure-temperature conditions found in Earth’s upper mantle. Here, we performed extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to study the water-gas shift reaction. We found the direct formation of formic acid out of CO and supercritical water at 10∼13 GPa and 1400 K without any catalyst. Contrary to the common assumption that formic acid or formate is an intermediate product, we found that HCOOH is thermodynamically more stable than the products of the water-gas shift reaction above 3 GPa and at 1000∼1400 K. Our study suggests that the water-gas shift reaction may not happen in Earth’s upper mantle, and formic acid or formate may be an important carbon carrier, participating in many geochemical processes in deep Earth.<br>

BODIPY Fluorophores for Membrane Potential Imaging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Franke ◽  
Benjamin Raliski ◽  
Steven Boggess ◽  
Divya Natesan ◽  
Evan Koretsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Voltage Sensitivity ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Direct Modification ◽  
Biological Compatibility ◽  
Meso Position ◽  
Ionizable Groups ◽  
Boron Center

Fluorophores based on the BODIPY scaffold are prized for their tunable excitation and emission profiles, mild syntheses, and biological compatibility. Improving the water-solubility of BODIPY dyes remains an outstanding challenge. The development of water-soluble BODIPY dyes usually involves direct modification of the BODIPY fluorophore core with ionizable groups or substitution at the boron center. While these strategies are effective for the generation of water-soluble fluorophores, they are challenging to implement when developing BODIPY-based indicators: direct modification of BODIPY core can disrupt the electronics of the dye, complicating the design of functional indicators; and substitution at the boron center often renders the resultant BODIPY incompatible with the chemical transformations required to generate fluorescent sensors. In this study, we show that BODIPYs bearing a sulfonated aromatic group at the meso position provide a general solution for water-soluble BODIPYs. We outline the route to a suite of 5 new sulfonated BODIPYs with 2,6-disubstitution patterns spanning a range of electron-donating and -withdrawing propensities. To highlight the utility of these new, sulfonated BODIPYs, we further functionalize them to access 13 new, BODIPY-based voltage-sensitive fluorophores. The most sensitive of these BODIPY VF dyes displays a 48% ΔF/F per 100 mV in mammalian cells. Two additional BODIPY VFs show good voltage sensitivity (≥24% ΔF/F) and excellent brightness in cells. These compounds can report on action potential dynamics in both mammalian neurons and human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Accessing a range of substituents in the context of a water soluble BODIPY fluorophore provides opportunities to tune the electronic properties of water-soluble BODIPY dyes for functional indicators.

Primordial science and pioneering approaches of guggul for chronic ailments – A modernized review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Jamal Basha D ◽  
Kumar P R ◽  
Ranganayakulu D
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lipids Metabolism ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Conventional Dosage

An oleo gum resin guggulu is a product which obtained as a result of gummosis from the bark of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari [syn. Commiphoramukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) Family, Burseraceae]. It has been known for its immense applicability in the Ayurveda since time immemorial for the treatment of variety of disorders such as inflammation, gout, rheumatism, impotence, leprosy, obesity, and disorders of lipids metabolism. It is a mixture of phytoconstituents like terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, guggultetrols, lignans, sugars, and amino acids. This review is an effort to compile all the information available on all of its chemical constituents which are responsible for its therapeutic potential, limitation of guggul extracts and the necessity of novel principles for gum guggul. Nowadays, Guggul is available as the marketed formulation for curing numerous clinical conditions and is accessible in combination with various other ingredients. Though conventional dosage form shows the dominance as patient compliance and easy availability, yet it has found to pose the problems like dose fluctuation, peak-valley effect, non-adjustment of the administered drug, invasiveness etc. Guggul lacks its desired effect due to its low bioavailability and water solubility. This makes it a partial or a deficient therapy for remedy of many signs and symptoms. Novel drug delivery system (NDDS), a new approach and has excluded many of drawbacks exhibited by conventional dosage forms. Some of the novel dosage forms of guggul has been formed like nanoparticles, nanovesicles, gugglusomes and proniosomal gel. But still, the novel formulations for guggul has its less outspread in the market. Guggul can be executed as a profitable drug using NDDS. There is a need to highlight the unidentified and unexplained facts about guggul so as to make it more efficacious and effective in terms of bioavailability and aqueous insolubility.

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