scholarly journals Building the Pamir-Tibetan Plateau-Crustal stacking, extensional collapse, and lateral extrusion in the Central Pamir: 2. Timing and rates

Tectonics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Rutte ◽  
Lothar Ratschbacher ◽  
Jahanzeb Khan ◽  
Konstanze Stübner ◽  
Bradley R. Hacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
Extensional Collapse

scholarly journals Building the Pamir-Tibetan Plateau-Crustal stacking, extensional collapse, and lateral extrusion in the Central Pamir: 1. Geometry and kinematics

Tectonics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Rutte ◽  
Lothar Ratschbacher ◽  
Susanne Schneider ◽  
Konstanze Stübner ◽  
Michael A. Stearns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
Geometry And Kinematics ◽  
Extensional Collapse

The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

1988 ◽  
Vol 327 (1594) ◽  
pp. 379-413 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Lhasa Terrane ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
Palaeomagnetic Data ◽  
Normal Thickness

The Tibetan Plateau, between the Kunlun Shan and the Himalayas, consists of terranes accreted successively to Eurasia. The northernmost, the Songban Ganzi Terrane, was accreted to the Kunlun (Tarim-North China Terrane) along the Kunlun-Qinling Suture during the late Permian. The Qiangtang Terrane accreted to the Songban-Ganzi along the Jinsha Suture during the late Triassic or earliest Jurassic, the Lhasa Terrane to the Qiangtang along the Banggong Suture during the late Jurassic and, finally, Peninsular India to the Lhasa Terrane along the Zangbo Suture during the Middle Eocene. The Kunlun Shan, Qiangtang and Lhasa Terranes are all underlain by Precambrian continental crust at least a billion years old. The Qiangtang and Lhasa Terranes came from Gondwanaland. Substantial southward ophiolite obduction occurred across the Lhasa Terrane from the Banggong Suture in the late Jurassic and from the Zangbo Suture in the latest Cretaceous-earliest Palaeocene. Palaeomagnetic data suggest successive wide Palaeotethyan oceans during the late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic and a Neotethys which was at least 6000 km wide during the mid-Cretaceous. Thickening of the Tibetan crust to almost double the normal thickness occurred by northward-migrating north-south shortening and vertical stretching during the mid-Eocene to earliest Miocene indentation of Asia by India; Neogene strata are almost flat-lying and rest unconformably upon Palaeogene or older strata. Since the early Miocene, the northward motion of India has been accommodated principally by north south shortening both north and south of Tibet. From early Pliocene to the Present, the Tibetan Plateau has risen by about two kilometres and has suffered east-west extension. Little, if any, of the India Eurasia convergence has been accommodated by eastward lateral extrusion.

Distinguishing tectonic versus climatic forcing on landscape evolution: An example from SE Tibetan Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangbin Liu ◽  
Martin Danišík ◽  
Dewen Zheng ◽  
Kerry Gallagher ◽  
Junsheng Nie
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Crustal Shortening ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
Granite Belt ◽  
Cooling Phase ◽  
Forcing Mechanisms ◽  
Exhumation History

Abstract Distinguishing climate from tectonic forcing in shaping the Earth’s surface has been a long-standing issue in the Earth sciences. Great debate exists regarding when and how the SE Tibetan Plateau achieved its current low-relief topography, and both lateral extrusion and lower crust flow have been proposed as the dominant mechanism. Reconstruction of the exhumation history of the SE Tibetan Plateau is key to understanding these formation processes and resolving the significance of different forcing mechanisms. Here we report zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He ages from steep transects across the Lincang granite belt of the SE Tibetan Plateau. Our results reveal a two-stage exhumation history during the Cenozoic with rapid cooling phases in the late Eocene and the middle Miocene. In the late Eocene, the climate was generally dry and there is plenty of evidence for increased extrusion and upper crustal shortening. We suggest tectonic processes are responsible for the first inferred cooling. In contrast, the Asian summer monsoon precipitation increased during the middle Miocene, and we posit the middle Miocene cooling phase records a phase of rapid river incision triggered by the intensified precipitation and associated fault movements. The results are consistent with recent paleo-altimetry work in this region suggesting that the present-day topography of the SE Tibetan Plateau had been largely constructed by the late Eocene. Together, these data suggest that extrusion and/or upper crustal shortening setup the first order topography of the SE Tibetan Plateau, which was then modified by climate-triggered fluvial incision and feedbacks initiated in the middle Miocene.

scholarly journals Building the Pamir-Tibet Plateau-Crustal stacking, extensional collapse, and lateral extrusion in the Pamir: 3. Thermobarometry and petrochronology of deep Asian crust

Tectonics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1743-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Hacker ◽  
Lothar Ratschbacher ◽  
Daniel Rutte ◽  
Michael A. Stearns ◽  
Nicole Malz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
Extensional Collapse

The azimuth-dependent dispersion curve inversion method to extract 3D anisotropic structure and its application to the eastern Tibetan Plateau

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuntao Liang
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Dispersion Curve ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Azimuthal Anisotropy ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Eastern Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Uppermost Mantle ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
The North ◽  
Lateral Extrusion

<p><span>An azimuth-dependent dispersion curve inversion (ADDCI) method is applied to Rayleigh waves to extract 3D velocity and azimuthal anisotropy. The synthetic tests show that the ADDCI method is able to extract azimuthal anisotropy </span><span>at different depths. The errors of the fast propagation direction (FPD) and the magnitude of the anisotropy (MOA) are less than 10° and 1-2%, respectively. The 3D anisotropic model shows large variations in the FPDs and MOAs with depth and blocks; strong contrasts are observed across major faults, and the average MOA in the crust is approximately 3%. The FPDs are positively correlated with the GPS velocity direction and the strikes of regional faults in most of the blocks. The low-velocity zones (LVZs) in the middle to lower crust are widely observed in the Songpan Ganze Terrence, the north Chuan-Dian block, and surprisingly in the Huayingshan thrust and fold belt. The LVZs in the middle crust are also positively correlated with the low-velocity belt in the uppermost mantle. These observations may suggest that large-scale deformation is coupled vertically from the surface to the uppermost mantle. Crust shortening by the pure shearing process, which involves the thrusting and folding of the upper crust and the lateral extrusion of blocks, may be the major mechanism causing the growth of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.</span></p>

scholarly journals New Constraints on Slip Behavior of the Jianshui Strike-Slip Fault from Faulted Stream Channel Risers and Airborne Lidar Data, SE Tibetan Plateau, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2019
Author(s):  
Peng Guo ◽  
Zhujun Han ◽  
Shaopeng Dong ◽  
Fan Gao ◽  
Jiani Li
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Recurrence Pattern ◽  
Stream Channel ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery ◽  
The Right

The temporal slip behavior of a fault from displaced landforms when there are no chronological data remains poorly understood. The southern segment of the Xiaojiang fault zone (XJFZ) plays an important role in accommodating the lateral extrusion of the SE Tibetan plateau. However, there are few reports on the evolution of the offset landforms and slip behavior of the fault due to the dense vegetation in the region. Here, offset landforms along the Jianshui fault (JSF) in the southern segment of the XJFZ are systematically interpreted and measured using high-resolution satellite imagery, field investigations, and airborne lidar. The risers on the right banks of three stream channels feature similar left-lateral offset characteristics near the town of Dongshanzhai. The left-lateral offsets consist of multiple inflections produced by seismic events, and the offset of each event is similar. These inflections are distributed downstream in a stair-stepped manner. The newly formed inflections are located close to the fault, and the earlier formed ones are eroded by flowing water and migrate downstream. The difference between the amount of downstream erosion of two adjacent inflections varies. Assuming the stream’s long-term erosion rate remains steady, the estimated time intervals between seismic events are different.Combined with the cumulative offset probability density calculation for 92 offsets, the JSF is considered to show a nonperiodic characteristic earthquake recurrence pattern. We also propose a multistage offset evolution model of the stream channel riser. This provides a new way to analyze the seismic recurrence pattern of the fault over a relative time scale.

scholarly journals Latest Quaternary Active Faulting and Paleoearthquakes on the Southern Segment of the Xiaojiang Fault Zone, SE Tibetan Plateau

Lithosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Guo ◽  
Zhujun Han ◽  
Shaopeng Dong ◽  
Zebin Mao ◽  
Nan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Fault Zone ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Tectonic Deformation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Xiaojiang Fault

Abstract The Xiaojiang fault zone (XJFZ) is an important part of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system, acting as the eastern boundary of the Chuan-Dian block on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and accommodating the lateral extrusion of the block. The faulting activity and paleoseismic history on the southern segment of the XJFZ remain poorly understood. Here, trench excavations and radiocarbon dating revealed that four recent surface-rupturing paleoearthquakes have occurred on the Jianshui fault (JSF) in the southern segment of the XJFZ since ~15370 yr BP. The ages of these events, labeled E4-E1 from oldest to youngest, are limited to the following time ranges: 15360-12755, 10845-6900, 1455-670, and 635-145 yr BP, respectively. The most recent event E1 was most likely the 1606 Jianshui earthquake. These events appear to occur unregularly in time. The time interval between the last two events is 726±235 yr, and the average recurrence interval for all four events is 4589±3132 yr. The deformed strata show that the JSF is characterized kinematically by transtension, which likely respond to the apparent change in the direction of clockwise rotation of the Chuan-Dian block around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Combined with the analysis of the neighboring NW-striking faults, our study suggests that the south-southeastward motion of the Chuan-Dian block is likely to be firstly accommodated in part by the right-lateral shear and dip-slip motions of the Qujiang and Shiping faults and continues across the Red River fault zone, then is transmitted southward along the Dien Bien Phu fault. Therefore, the southern segment of the XJFZ plays a dominant role in the tectonic deformation of the southeastern Chuan-Dian block, with a high seismic hazard.

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