Observational study of ionospheric irregularities and GPS scintillations associated with the 2012 tropical cyclone Tembin passing Hong Kong

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 4705-4717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Yang ◽  
Zhizhao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Ionospheric Irregularities ◽  
Gps Scintillations

scholarly journals Invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the preceding 5 years: a retrospective observational study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e055575
Author(s):  
King-Pui Florence Chan ◽  
Ting-Fung Ma ◽  
Mary Sau-Man Ip ◽  
Pak-Leung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Secondary Outcomes

ObjectivesTo compare the incidence and severity of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic period with universal masking and social distancing with that of previous 5 years.DesignRetrospective observational study on incidence of IPDs, pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia between January 2015–December 2019 and March 2020–March 2021. January–February 2020 was excluded from analysis as it was treated as a transitional period between normal time and pandemic.SettingEpisode-based data by retrieval of hospitalisation records from the Hospital Authority’s territory-wide electronic medical record database in Hong Kong.ParticipantsHospitalised patients with IPD (n=742), pneumococcal pneumonia (n=2163) and all-cause pneumonia (including COVID-19 pneumonia, n=453 999) aged 18 years or above. Control diagnoses were included to assess confounding from health-seeking behaviours.Primary and secondary outcomesPrimary outcome is the incidence of diseases between two periods. Secondary outcomes include disease severity surrogated by length of stay and mortality.ResultsMonthly average number of IPD, pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia hospitalisation significantly decreased by 88.9% (95% CI 79.8% to 98.0%, p<0.0005), 72.5% (95% CI 65.9% to 79.1%, p<0.0005) and 17.5% (95% CI 16.8% to 18.2%, p<0.0005), respectively. Changes in trend from January 2015–December 2019 to March 2020–March 2021 were −70% (95% CI −87% to −35%, p=0.0025), –43% (95% CI −59% to −19%, p=0.0014) and −11% (95% CI −13% to −10%, p<0.0005), respectively. Length of stay for IPD and pneumococcal pneumonia episodes were insignificantly different in the two periods. No reductions in hospitalisations for control diagnoses were observed.ConclusionsIncidence of IPD, pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was observed with universal masking and social distancing. We postulated this is related to reduced transmission of respiratory viruses and bacteria.

scholarly journals The first complete dropsonde observation of a tropical cyclone over the South China Sea by the Hong Kong Observatory

Weather ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.W. Chan ◽  
N.G. Wu ◽  
C.Z. Zhang ◽  
W.J. Deng ◽  
K.K. Hon
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea

An Observational Study of Tropical Cyclone Spinup in Supertyphoon Jangmi (2008) from 24 to 27 September

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil T. Sanger ◽  
Michael T. Montgomery ◽  
Roger K. Smith ◽  
Michael M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Relative Vorticity ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Tangential Wind ◽  
Research Aircraft

Abstract An observational study of tropical cyclone intensification is performed using dropsondes, in situ flight-level data, satellite imagery, and Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA) during the spinup of Tropical Storm Jangmi (2008) in the western North Pacific. This event was observed with research aircraft during the Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 (TCS08) field experiment over the course of 3 days as Jangmi intensified rapidly from a tropical storm to a supertyphoon. The dropsonde analysis indicates that the peak azimuthally averaged storm-relative tangential wind speed occurs persistently within the boundary layer throughout the spinup period and suggests that significant supergradient winds are present near and just within the radius of maximum tangential winds. An examination of the ELDORA data in Tropical Storm Jangmi reveals multiple rotating updrafts near the developing eye beneath cold cloud top temperatures ≤−65°C. In particular, there is a 12-km-wide, upright updraft with a peak velocity of 9 m s−1 with collocated strong low-level (z &lt; 2 km) convergence of 2 × 10−3 s−1 and intense relative vorticity of 4 × 10−3 s−1. The analysis of the corresponding infrared satellite imagery suggests that vortical updrafts are common before and during rapid intensification. The findings of this study support a recent paradigm of tropical cyclone intensification in which rotating convective clouds are important elements in the spinup process. In a system-scale view of this process, the maximum tangential wind is found within the boundary layer, where the tangential wind becomes supergradient before the air ascends into the eyewall updraft.

scholarly journals First Report on Smoking and Infection Control Behaviours at Outdoor Hotspots during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Unobtrusive Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Yuying Sun ◽  
Tai Hing Lam ◽  
Yee Tak Derek Cheung ◽  
Man Ping Wang ◽  
Yongda Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Smoking Behaviours

This study was to observe smoking behaviours and infection control behaviours in smokers at outdoor smoking hotspots during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong. We conducted unobtrusive observations at nine hotspots during 1 July 2019–31 January 2020 (pre-outbreak, 39 observations), 1 February–30 April 2020 (outbreak, eight observations), and 1 May–11 June 2020 (since-outbreak, 20 observations). Sex, age group, type of tobacco products used, duration of stay, group smoking behaviours, face mask wearing and infection control behaviours of smokers, and mask wearing of non-smoking pedestrians were observed. Compared with pre-outbreak, lower volumes of smokers were observed during outbreak and since-outbreak. Smokers gathered more in a group (24.5% and 25.8% vs. 13.4%, respectively) and stayed longer (91.5% and 83.6% vs. 80.6% stayed ≥1 min) during outbreak and since-outbreak than pre-outbreak. Ninety-six percent smokers possessed a face mask. While smoking, 81.6% of smokers put the mask under the chin and 13.8% carried it in the hand, 32.4% did not wear a mask immediately after smoking, 98.0% did not sanitize hands, and 74.3% did not keep a distance of at least one metre. During the COVID-19 pandemic, smokers gathered closely and stayed longer at the hotspots, and few practised hand hygiene, all of which may increase the risk of infection.

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