Hybrid Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Methods

2005 ◽  
pp. 273-292
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop

On closed-loop equilibrium strategies for mean-field stochastic linear quadratic problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Tianxiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Optimal Control Problems ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Linear Quadratic Optimal Control ◽  
Equilibrium Strategies

This article is concerned with linear quadratic optimal control problems of mean-field stochastic differential equations (MF-SDE) with deterministic coefficients. To treat the time inconsistency of the optimal control problems, linear closed-loop equilibrium strategies are introduced and characterized by variational approach. Our developed methodology drops the delicate convergence procedures in Yong [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 369 (2017) 5467–5523]. When the MF-SDE reduces to SDE, our Riccati system coincides with the analogue in Yong [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 369 (2017) 5467–5523]. However, these two systems are in general different from each other due to the conditional mean-field terms in the MF-SDE. Eventually, the comparisons with pre-committed optimal strategies, open-loop equilibrium strategies are given in details.

Comparison of Dc-Dc SEPIC, CUK and Flyback Converters Based LED Drivers

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Erdal Sehirli
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Current Sensor ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Led Driver ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Led Drivers ◽  
Conduction Mode

This paper presents the comparison of LED driver topologies that include SEPIC, CUK and FLYBACK DC-DC converters. Both topologies are designed for 8W power and operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) with 88 kHz switching frequency. Furthermore, inductors of SEPIC and CUK converters are wounded as coupled. Applications are realized by using SG3524 integrated circuit for open loop and PIC16F877 microcontroller for closed loop. Besides, ACS712 current sensor used to limit maximum LED current for closed loop applications. Finally, SEPIC, CUK and FLYBACK DC-DC LED drivers are compared with respect to LED current, LED voltage, input voltage and current. Also, advantages and disadvantages of all topologies are concluded.

scholarly journals Parallel Point Clouds: Hybrid Point Cloud Generation and 3D Model Enhancement via Virtual–Real Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2868
Author(s):  
Yonglin Tian ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Yu Shen ◽  
Zhongzheng Guo ◽  
Zilei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Data Annotation

Three-dimensional information perception from point clouds is of vital importance for improving the ability of machines to understand the world, especially for autonomous driving and unmanned aerial vehicles. Data annotation for point clouds is one of the most challenging and costly tasks. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop and virtual–real interactive point cloud generation and model-upgrading framework called Parallel Point Clouds (PPCs). To our best knowledge, this is the first time that the training model has been changed from an open-loop to a closed-loop mechanism. The feedback from the evaluation results is used to update the training dataset, benefiting from the flexibility of artificial scenes. Under the framework, a point-based LiDAR simulation model is proposed, which greatly simplifies the scanning operation. Besides, a group-based placing method is put forward to integrate hybrid point clouds, via locating candidate positions for virtual objects in real scenes. Taking advantage of the CAD models and mobile LiDAR devices, two hybrid point cloud datasets, i.e., ShapeKITTI and MobilePointClouds, are built for 3D detection tasks. With almost zero labor cost on data annotation for newly added objects, the models (PointPillars) trained with ShapeKITTI and MobilePointClouds achieved 78.6% and 60.0% of the average precision of the model trained with real data on 3D detection, respectively.

scholarly journals Converting MST to TSP Path by Branch Elimination

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Pasi Fränti ◽  
Teemu Nenonen ◽  
Mingchuan Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Spanning Tree ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Travelling Salesman Problem ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Travelling Salesman ◽  
Elimination Algorithm ◽  
Number Of Iterations ◽  
Number Of Branches

Travelling salesman problem (TSP) has been widely studied for the classical closed loop variant but less attention has been paid to the open loop variant. Open loop solution has property of being also a spanning tree, although not necessarily the minimum spanning tree (MST). In this paper, we present a simple branch elimination algorithm that removes the branches from MST by cutting one link and then reconnecting the resulting subtrees via selected leaf nodes. The number of iterations equals to the number of branches (b) in the MST. Typically, b << n where n is the number of nodes. With O-Mopsi and Dots datasets, the algorithm reaches gap of 1.69% and 0.61 %, respectively. The algorithm is suitable especially for educational purposes by showing the connection between MST and TSP, but it can also serve as a quick approximation for more complex metaheuristics whose efficiency relies on quality of the initial solution.

Integrated Kinematic Calibration for All the Parameters of a Planar 2DOF Redundantly Actuated Parallel Manipulator

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunshi Feng ◽  
Shuang Cong ◽  
Weiwei Shang
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Manipulator ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Kinematic Calibration ◽  
Constraint Equations ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Uniqueness Of The Solution ◽  
Redundantly Actuated ◽  
Loop Constraint ◽  
Two Degree Of Freedom

In this paper, the kinematic calibration of a planar two-degree-of-freedom redundantly actuated parallel manipulator is studied without any assumption on parameters. A cost function based on closed-loop constraint equations is first formulated. Using plane geometry theory, we analyze the pose transformations that bring infinite solutions and present a kinematic calibration integrated of closed-loop and open-loop methods. In the integrated method, the closed-loop calibration solves all the solutions that fit the constraint equations, and the open-loop calibration guarantees the uniqueness of the solution. In the experiments, differential evolution is applied to compute the solution set, for its advantages in computing multi-optima. Experimental results show that all the parameters involved are calibrated with high accuracy.

Impedance Reduction Controller Design for Mechanical Systems

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanseung Woo ◽  
Kyoungchul Kong
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Controller Design ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Mechatronic Systems ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Guaranteed Stability ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Definition Of

Safety is one of important factors in control of mechatronic systems interacting with humans. In order to evaluate the safety of such systems, mechanical impedance is often utilized as it indicates the magnitude of reaction forces when the systems are subjected to motions. Namely, the mechatronic systems should have low mechanical impedance for improved safety. In this paper, a methodology to design controllers for reduction of mechanical impedance is proposed. For the proposed controller design, the mathematical definition of the mechanical impedance for open-loop and closed-loop systems is introduced. Then the controllers are designed for stable and unstable systems such that they effectively lower the magnitude of mechanical impedance with guaranteed stability. The proposed method is verified through case studies including simulations.

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