scholarly journals The Structure of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Anxiety Disorders in Men and Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Hettema ◽  
Carol A. Prescott ◽  
John M. Myers ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Men And Women

scholarly journals Structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of DSM–IV anxiety disorders

2009 ◽  
Vol 195 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Tambs ◽  
Nikolai Czajkowsky ◽  
Espen R⊘ysamb ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

BackgroundTwin data permit decomposition of comorbidity into genetically and environmentally derived correlations. No previous twin study includes all major forms of anxiety disorder.AimsTo estimate the degree to which genetic and environmental risk factors are shared rather than unique to dimensionally scored panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, phobias, obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.MethodData obtained from 2801 young-adult Norwegian twins by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview were analysed with the Mx program.ResultsA multivariate common factor model fitted best. The latent liability to all anxiety disorders was substantially more heritable (54%) than the individual disorders (23% to 40%). Most of the genetic effect was common to the disorders. Genes contributed just over 50% to the covariance between liabilities.ConclusionsThe five anxiety disorders all share genetic and environmental risk factors. This has implications for the revision of the anxiety disorder section in DSM–V.

Self-Control As a Moderator for Environmental Risk Factors

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Wills ◽  
Pallav Pokhrel ◽  
Frederick X. Gibbons ◽  
James D. Sargent ◽  
Mike Stoolmiller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Self Control

Environmental Risk Factors in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pugliatti ◽  
I. Casetta ◽  
J. Drulovic ◽  
E. Granieri ◽  
T. Holmøy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors

Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Alcoholism: A 16-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Chao Liu ◽  
Shu-Fen Liao ◽  
Lawrence Shih-Hsin ◽  
Susan Shur-Fen Gau ◽  
Wen-Chung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort

The Role and Perceptions of Independent Audit Partners in the Governmental Audit Market

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne H. Lowensohn ◽  
Frank Collins
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Audit Firm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Audit Market ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Independent Audit

Audits are the primary means of monitoring that public funds are appropriately spent by governmental entities. Currently, independent auditors (rather than governmental auditors) are the primary suppliers of governmental audit services, despite the fact that many of them view governmental audits as “secondary” (AICPA 1987). Furthermore, nongovernmental auditors are believed to be less “independent” and more prone to lose sight of the programmatic demand to safeguard the public trust (Power 1997) than governmental auditors. To better understand the supply of governmental audit services, this study investigates independent audit firm partner opinions of governmental audits and their motivation to pursue these engagements. Multiple regression results of our data reveal that partners are more likely to pursue governmental audits if they believe that desirable intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are attainable through performing these audits. Furthermore, environmental risk factors—an active political climate and authoritative changes—reduce partner motivation to pursue governmental audits. It is suggested that environmental risk factors disrupt the comfortable principal/agent relationship of the auditor and auditee because the relationships have become decoupled (abstracted) from the audit's programmatic mission.

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